E S*
THE FEDERAL DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ETHIOPIA
MINISTRY OF WATER AND ENERGY
ETHIOPIAN NILE IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE PROJECT (WORLD BANK FINANCED)
FEASIBILITY STUDIES OF ABOUT 80,000 HA NET IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SCHEMES
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION AND DRAINAGE SCHEME FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT
VOLUME 3: IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT
SR 01B IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE DEVE1
*
falcrow
ASSOCIATION WITH
GENERATION INTEGRATED RURAL DEVELOPMENT (GIRD) CONSULTANTS
ADDIS ABABA, ETHIOPIA
MAY 20) 1Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ministry of Water and Energy
World Bank Financed Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project Feasibility Studies of about 80,000 ha net Irrigation and Drainage Schemes Feasibility Study Final Report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE SCHEME
Volume 3: Irrigation Development
SR-01B: Irrigation & Drainage Development
May 2011
Halcraw Group Umfted and
Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) Consultant!
PO 102175, Camel Huild«ng L5ui Floor)
Haile G«brese4assje Road. Addo Abate Ethiopia
Tel >215-1          116 63 09 92 Fax *251-1 (0) 116 63 00 91
wvfry hl*Grow cam
This  Report  has  been  prepared  In  accordance  «th  the  instructions  at  the  Federal
Government q| Elhicp-ii, Mwitstry of Waler and Energy for meir sole and specrSc
Any other per suns *r*o use any ^formation contained hewi do so al lheir o*n
nsk
‘©Halcrcw Group Limited and Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) Consultants
2011DttHtnrtir RsfMc                     Murn fry h7/ir<rJ# iV< fcifedto* •■’^
ri" E*rijr
FEASIBILITY REPORT STRUCTURE
Volume I:               Main Report (Plu« Annexes)
Volume 2:                Water Resources
SR-OLA: Water Resources
Volume 3:              Irrigation Development
SR 01B. Irrigation A Drainage Development
Volumes 4
& 5:
Soils, Land Uae 8c Suitability
SR-02A Soils, [.and Use A Suitability Part 1 of 4: Mun Report
Part 2 of 4: Annexes A, B fle C
Pan 3 of 4: Annex D
Part 4 of 4: Annexes E - N
Volume 6:             Land Resource* & Agricultural Development
SR-02B Irngiied Agriculture & Agro-economic Development SR-02G Livestock Development
SR-02D: l-ind 6c Watershed Management and Forestry
Volumes 7
8c 8:
Resource Users & Socio-Economics
SR-03A: Resource Users and Socio-economics
Part 1 of 5. Summary Report (Left A Right Banks)
Part 2 of 5: SDAs 1 At III on Right Bank
Pari 3 of 5: SDAs 111 Ar IV cm Left Bank
Part 4 of 5: Survey Data Annexes (SDAi 1 & III on Right Bank) Part 5 of 5: Survey Dita Annexes (SDAs IV & IV on Left Bank)
SR-03B: Resettlement
Volumes 9,
Engineering Survey■, Investigations, Planning 8c Design
10 8c 11:
SR-04A: Engineering: 1 rogation A Drainage Works
SR 04 B Engineering: Storage Dam
SR-04C Geology, Hydrogeology and Geotechnical Interpretive Rcpon
Part 1 of 3: Main Report A Annexes .A - D
Part 2 of 3: .Annexes E - H
Part 3 of 3 Annexes I - P SR-04D: Topographic Survey WorksAfr«r»fn 9fW'^r& Kwiji
Etinfta* Ntit              mJ Drurn^ P^*-r
Volume 12:          Environmental    Starus,    Financial    Ac   Economic    Analysis   Stakeholder Consultation* & Study Terms of Reference
SR 05 Environmental Status
SR 06- Financial Ac Economic Analysis
SR-07: Stakeholder Consultations
SR-08 Study Terms of Reference
Maps and Engineering Drawing*. A3
Map Albums, Al
Main Album
Detailed Soils. I -and Use A Suitability Album
Topographic AlbumFederal Democratic Republic of
Ethiopia
J
Ministry of Water and Energy >
World Bank Financed EthiopianNile Irrigation and Drainage Project
Feasibility Studies of about 80,000 ha net Irrigation and Drainage Schemes Feasibility Study Final Report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE SCHEME
tfalcrow
In association with
Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) ConsultantsFederal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia
Ministry of Water and Energy
World Bank Financed Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project
Feasibility Studies of about 60,000 ha net Irrigation and Drainage Schemes Feasibility Study Final Report
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION & DRAINAGE SCHEME
SR-01B: Irrigation & Drainage Development
May 2011
Halcrow Group Limited and
Generation Integrated Run) Development (GIRD) Consuhants
PO Box 102175, Comet Budding (Sth Floor)
Halle Gebresetasste Road. Adcfo Ababa, Ethiopia
Tel *215-1 |0) 116 03 09 02 Fax *251-1 (0) 116 63 09 91
ww# hakuow.com
Thor Report haa been prepared in accordance wen om InitrucDOru of tha F ectend
Government of Ethiopia. Ministry d Water and Energy for their wte and specific
um Any other persons who use any nfcrm alien contemed herein do so al their own
nik_
© Halcrow Group Limited and Generation Integrated Rural Development {GIRD) Consultants
2011Halcrow Group Limited and
Generation Integrated Rural Dorekpment (GIRD) Conaultanta
PO Box 107175 Cornel Butting (5tf> Floor)
Haile Gebrwtaswe Rott Addis Ababa Ethcpla
Tel *215-1(0) 1US3W92 Fax *251-1(0) 116 S3 09 91
www haicrw com
This Report net been prepared In accordance with the mtrucucns o< the Federal
Govemnxni o< Ethiopia Min«str> erf Water and E nergy lor Ihelr so* and specific
use Any other persons who use any inlormeton contained herein do so at iheir own
HBk
© Haierow Group Limited and Generation Integrated Rural Development (GIRD) Consultants
2011FirtW 
< Ednywn.               < raw <* F>”p Ndf ImtffKM Dnrftagf P«T
FEASIBILITY STUDY FINAL REPORT
UPPER BELES IRRIGATION 8c DRAINAGE SCHEME
SR-D1B: IRRIGATION 8c DRAINAGE DEVELOPMENT
CONTENTS
1        INTRODUCTION
J, 7     Pnjjcil Lftutio/t
1.2        Pmfea GWr
1.3        Dffimaotu
1.3.1     Study & Project Areas
1.3.2     IjJitl Utilisation Types
1.3              3 Stage Devdapmmr Areas
1.4
1.4.1     On-going Scheme Construction and Development
1.4.2     Interim Stakeholder Workshop, March 2010 
1.4.3     Irrigated Agriculture Development Options
2  IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT WITHIN ETHIOPIA
1
f
?
2
2
2 
/ Lr/tf/ FnwwiwA
2.1.1     Agriculture and Water Resources Development
2-1-2 I-egri Framework for Resettlement and Land Consolidation
2.2        ImgatUJr Pnxiiaj iff Etfapra
2-2.1      Introduction
2.2.2     Wonji-Shoa Sugar Estate
2.2.3      Sile State Farm
2,2-4      Mctahara Sugar Estate
2.2.5     Meta Ziway 
2.2.6     Amibara 
2.2.7     Finchaa Sugar Estate
2.2.H     Les sum and Conchas ions 2                 I JJ+jrir SnraMM&tr
2.3.1      Introduction
IImfyuiwit €>
id 
2-3-2      Koga Dam Irrigation & Watershed Management Project 2.3.3     Fentale Irrigation Project
2,4              Gwrrf (jni/xnonj
2.4.1       Irrigation Development Process and Sustainable O&M
3        PROJECT AREA CHARACTERISTICS
3
4
4
9
?
9
11
Z2
12
13
14
15
15
16
16
17
j9
19
19
22
26
29
3-
f                 Ttrpogrupb} wd Lflflx/ Sb/iff
3.2        Jo iZr
3.2.1     Sod Groups
3                 .2.2 Soth and Topography
I "b F4 SrQ I b l£dJ Drvcloptncnc (1}
2|
i
._Ex/v^tt -Xri //r^frfftM J*J PnF*J5Y Pffl^Xr
3.2.3     Sods and Infiltration Rites
1J Lnr</Jw/dh'M
3.3.1     Land Suitability Classification
3                 3.2 Results of the Land Suitability Classification
J.4 Hw/jug La/fd Ust / LtJirJ (j?srr
3.5              Ewfog 1wi*Pnatfw
3.5              1 Fuming Systems in Project Area
3                 5.2 Commercial Fanning and Land 1 rase Practice
3.5              3 Small and Medium Stale Commercul Farms
3.5.4     I jirge Scale Commercial Farms
3  5.5 Conclusions
4        CLIMATE, PROPOSED CROPPING AND CROP WATER REQUIREMENTS 59
t*r
4.*>
4  7
4-1 C
DirfJ ourf Rr/flTJfcr / iKfo/hwrpfrvfaw
_ p
4. Lt Climatic Dau
4.1.2  R c fcrence 1 virapotninspiration (ET )
fl
4.2 
Ramfo//
&
ir
4-3 Pnpwtd Imgifai Cn>ppmj> PaOmu
4.3.1     Introduction
4-3.2 Selection Cuieria 
4.3.3     Proposed Smallholder Irrigated Cropping Patterns
4.3.4     Proposed Small / Medium Commercial Farm           Cropping Patterns 4  3 5     Proposed Large Cununcroal Farm Cropping                    Pattern
4 4 t nJ/- IT^ftr Rtqnnmfnts
4.4.1     Farm Categories
4.4.2  Monthly Net Crop Waler Requirement* 
4. J Zrrj^roir
Oplfoiu cwJ Cnjp Yw&te
64
,,
t>4
65
66
67
$$
69
’’I
73
4.5.1 
I mgntjon Scheduling and Crop Yield* 
73
4 5 2 
Irrigating Crops chi Vertisols
74
4.5.3 
Conclusions and Recommendations
^6
5        PLANNING PROCESS, FRAMEWORK AND 1RRIGATION LAYOUT PRACTICALITIES
3,7              P/dinrjj^ PnMtJj jor Jrrjjiatntn Devehprwtfti
5  7      PXsme^ I'Tu-flKwnfc
5.2.1     Introduction
5.2.2     Land Use Planning Norms              / Allocations 5 23       Land Use Planning Prionties
5.24 Land Utilisation Types
J- * lrnfahQR Lovato PnKticAhlus
5.3.1      Introduction
for Irrigation
5.3.2      llydnuhc Unite and         Canal layout
5.3.3      Hydraulic Units and Pipeline Sprinkler I jyout
5.3.4     Land Fragmen a non & Irrigation I ntensnr
5.3.5  Risk Povrd by Irrigation and Kainfcd Cropping within 2 single Hydraulic L’nil 86
77
77
7g
78
79
81
#2
S1
83
g3
53
&5
Ub F4 StiOlh IfitD L>c-, i:kjpTnent (I)
u
17-May-l 1i-'idrrri
Ertwpiajt N/lr Ifn/atm tmi fW^ Pt*.?
Afwrfp tffFrffr <5- Jiernn
5.3.6      Existing Rain fed Cropland
5.3.7      Inclusion of Unsuitable J-and in Irrigation Command
5    3.8 Commercial Finns Layout Considerations
6  IRRIGATION LAYOUT AND WITH-PROJECT LAND USE
f      Pry/r.'T zfrttf ami Mm Irrifijfimi Sj/frfx L&w /
6                 1.1 Introduction
6.1.2           Right Bank Main Canal
6.1              3 Left Bank Main Canal
6.1  4 Pressure Irrigation Options
6.2       I nigairte Ana art J Ll T/ Ay JTkftf D^wrZsi/wwr/ / Im*
6.2.1     Introduction
6.2.2     With-projcct Land Use and Irrigable Areas, by SDA 6,2-3 Area of Unsuitable (N2) I and within Net Imgable Area
tf„ J  Ld'nrd^zl/jfcis'U'/fOfl'
(Sitfiir) Estate
Afodk/^ff^ jW
aj"Ana Jar               C&nnmwi
6                 3.1 Optimisation Modelling
6-3.2 Model Results and Commercial Sugarcane Estate Boundary
6.3.3      Delineation of Commercial Estate Boundaries
7  IRRIGATION ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT OPTIONS AND INTENT 105
7.1       Infroditatan
89
89
89
89
90
91
<?2
92
92
95
5W
98
98
100
7.2
^<r/rr Cwrm-iw.r OWteer
7.2.1           Introduction
^-2.2 Comparative assessment of pipeline and canal conveyance 7.2.3           Choice of Pipes
7-24 Pipeline and Canal Conveyance Costs
7.3      CattalUxtHg
’_3.1 Benefits
705
106
106
107
108
109
in
in
7                 3.2 Lining Costs                                                                                                                                              112
7.3.3     Economics of 1 mi ng
7.3.4     Types of Lining
7.4       ImgaJwn j* l/jtsA+w/wM Options
.4 I Characrerisncs and Efficiencies of Irrigation Application Methods 7.4.2           MCA and Irrigation Application Method
7-4.3 Sprinkler Irrigation and Wind Speeds
7.4.4     Cost Comparison of Irrigation Application Options 7 -4.5 Conclusions and Recommendations
7    f I Dtw/opJHfftt
7.5.1     Land Smoothing / Grading
7.5.2     Terracing
73 Night Stent#
6.1              Options and Considcratjons Affecting Choice
7.6.2     Night Storage Cost-Benefit Analysis
Rfj£f*iTZ/i,iHww/. I jjjici (. .ortsniiiiaf/ofr tin J Aayuisition
112
114
116
116
120
123
124
127
130
130
130
132
132
Bl
136
Ub Fa SrOlh IAI) IX-vctupmcnt (lj
17-May.||Ftdn* Dmwtie VapMt oflithtopu. Minto, if Voter & E/tr#
EthtptJt \iie Irrqpfaui ani Drawge P^ffT
7.7  1 Rationale
7.7.2      Scope of Resettlement Activities
7.7.3      Resettlement Process
7. A' Proposed !&D Development
7.8.1      Introduction
7.8.2      Storage Dam
7.8  3 Main Irrigation System
7.8.4      Pressure Irrigation Options
7                 8 5 On-farm Works and Ijind Development of Consolidated Holdings
7.8.6      Main Drainage System including Flood Protection
7.8.7      All-Weather Roads
8       IRRIGATION EFFICIENCIES AND WATER DEMANDS
8.1        Imgaton Efficiencies and Design Duties
8                 11 Conveyance Disses
8.1.2      Application Losses
8                 1.3 Irrigation Design Duties
8.2         Wafer Demands for Proposed Devehpment
8                 2.1 Introduction
8.2.2      Water Demands for Proposed Farms / Estates
9  SYSTEM OPERATION, INFRASTRUCTURE AND MAINTENANCE
9.1              In traduction
9                 2 Irrigation System Management & O&M Institutions
9.2.1      Introduction
9.2.2      Mun System Operator
9                 2.3 Fanner Irrigation Institutions
9.5              Sjj fem Operaton
9.3.1     Operation <>bjcctives
9.3.2     Storage Dam Operation
9.3  3 Main Canal Operation
93 4 Secondin' ( anal and Night Storage Operation
9.3.5           Tertiary System Irrigation Layout Options and Flow Rotations
9.4        ()peratona! < hadengts and Choice of imgator lnfrustnOrm
9.4  1 Introduction
9                 4 2 Maui & Branch Canal Systems
9.4  3 Secondary Canal Systems
9 4.4 Tertiary Irrigation System
9 4.5 Gates and gauges
9.5        Performance Indicators. Facilities and Equipment and Water Charges 9.5.1     Performance Indicators
9.5.2     Facilities and Equipment
9.5  3 Water Charges
9.6       \ ysfem Maintenance
9.7       Farmer \ \auagtment I nformation S > stem far          !
Uh 1*4 SKllh l&d) Dcvdnpmmf ft)
ivtf Waftr &E*rrQ
EtfjU&K NlJe /rr^Aw* rf+tf' Pnfl W PrifrrU
9.8      JVAfiwr MflMjvwrar tfm/ Of^Af Cartf
9,8 
I Introduction
9.8.2    OAM Subprojects nod Coats
9.8.3    OAMl- Ul’A Capac ry Building
9.8.4    DA M2: Improved System Operation by Farmer Inanitions 9.85 OAM3 Improved System Maintenance by Firmer Institution* 9 8 6 0&M4: Firmer MIS for system OAM
987 OAM Subproject Costs 9.8-8 Recurrent OAM Coils
187
187
18-
187
188
[88
189
190
190
ANNEXES
Annex
Description
Annex A
1
Nates on Stakeholder Consults non Workshop, IS * Muth 2010
Anna H
Irrigation Practices on Ijfgr ImpDon Schemes
Annex Cl
Gross & Net Irrigation Aren by SDA A Secondary Unii Right Bank
Anna C2
Gross A Net Irrigation Areas by SDA & Secondin' Unit — Left Bank
Anna D
Canal and Pipeline Conveyance Costs for various Ground Slopes A Discharges
Annex E
Coat Benefit Analysis Tibies for Canal Lining
Annex F
Cost Recovery and OAM Subproject Profiles
MAPS*
Map Nr
Description
Scale
UB/I S ADM/100/05
Propened With project Lind use
UB/FS/ADAf/100/(16
Proposed With-prupec t Commercial A SmalLhokJer IxUfptinn Development
100.000
UB/FS/ENG/100/01
Inffiatructufc layout
♦ A niched lo this report it A3 sue
Uh M.Srtlb [&D Dcvdopmcti r i'I)
v
17-May-I1tf/ ErArepra, AfrinLtip tf'STW <!- Jijwjy NrJf               «r/ Prarmip Pwrf
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1-1: Study and Project Areas.................................... .......................... ......-......... ..............
Table 1-2: Upper Brie? Agricultural Dcvdqpmeot Options —.................................... -...........
Table 2-1: Existing I-irgv Irrigation Schemes in Ethiopia.........................................................
Table 2-2; Irngarion Application & Depths .................................... —......................... .............
Table 5-1 Land Slope? by Stage Development Area (SDA)—...................................... ....... .
Table 3-2 Soil competition of various dope classes™-—........................................«—.........
Tiblr 3*3: Soil composition of vinous Topography classes -.......................................... -..........
Table 3-4: Summary of infiltration measurements............................... -................
Table 3 5: Extent of land suitability clauses and subclasses for Study Area.............................................
Table 3-6; Results of the Land suitabdiry assessment.......................... . ..............................................-......
i r.b.
• **
Table 3-7: Land smiabditv rlassificatKrn, Upper Belts.
'♦I
.................. .............. -........
J
Table 3-8: Existing Land Use for Project Area— ...................................................... —............ *—------- ---- *........... ....... — ...............
Table 3-9. Existing 1-a.nd Use / Cover by SDA: Right Bank...............................—.............. ........ ...... ......... ........... —-..... ...... 42
Table 3-10 Existing Ixnd Use / Cover by SDA: Left Bank —............................................... -....... . ...... -.............. -....................................
Table 3-11 Small/Medium Scale Pnvsir Investors in Pawc Wereda ...............................................................i ........ .................................. 4.
Table 3 12: Small/Medium Scale Private Investors in Dangur Wereda.......................................... -™....................... ............................ 48
Table 3-13 Small/Medium Scale Private Investors injawi Wereda................................................................................................ ...........49
Jabir 3-14 Small/Medium Scale Pnvare Investors in Debub Achefi Wereda ™................................................ —---------—----------  49
Table 4-1: Climatic data arid ET.( for Upper Beles command are*  .................................. .......... —................ -.................>................. 59
Table 4 2: Ding term average rainfall, dependable (80%}, and effective nunfail for command area.................................................... 61
Tabic 4-3 Crop Duration: Smallholder Irrigated Crops............................... ................. .. ........................ ............................................ .— 64
Tahir 4-4 Crops and Suitability for Cultivation on Vertisols..........................................™............... ....................... .. .................. ....... . 65
'fable 4-5 Proposed Cropping Pattern for Smallholders (non-vcrtic soils)........................................................-.............. .......................66
Table 4-6: Proposed Cropping Pattern for Small/Medium (.ummexoal Farms (l.uvisols)..................................................................... 67
Tabic 4-7; Proposed Cropping Partem for 5 mxil/Medium Commercial I‘■arms (Vertisols) ...„.............................................. ~........ 67
Table 4-8: Average AWC Measurements by Soil Type...................................... . .................... .................... ........................... ..................70
Table 4-9: Average AWC for soil groups................................... ................................ . ........................ . —............... .....................,............ .70
Table 4-10“. Adopted Soil Characteristics io .Assess CWR Scheduling.............................................. . .......... . ................. ...... —.......... 71
Table 4 11: Numbly Crop Waler Requirements by linn Category.......................................................... .................................................. 72
Table 4-12: Sugarcane Net Crop Water Requirements.......................... ..... . ................ ......................... ............................. . .............. , .72
Table 4 13: Crop Scheduling Options and Yields for Selected Crops.......................................................... ......... .......... .... ....................7,3
Table 4-14 Test Result«. fur Irrigation of Vertisols................................. ............................... ........ ....... ............. . ................... ......... . 75
Table 4-15: Suggested Net Imgauon Applications for Varicms Crops tn the Dry Season ................................................ ..................... 76
................. .......... 36
........................... 37
IQ
Iable 5-1: Typical planning norms for land use allocations ,™.
........ .................,™,................... ............................79
Table 5-2       High level land use planning principles: priority of land allotauon.................................... .............................................. B|
Table 5-3:      Category of Irrigation Canals....................................................................................................................................           M3
Table 5-4:      Cattgory of LrrigaUon Pipelines......... ....................................................................................................................              RS
Table 6-1: With project Irrigable Areas by SDA............................ ............................ ................ .. ......... .............................. ....... 93
Tabic 6-2        Irrigable, Rjvcnne and Nctn-Lmgablc .Areas by SDA..................... .. .......................................................................    .....94
I able 6-3:     Gross Irrigable .Area and Soil / Slope Categories by SDA^...........................................................................................    96
Table 6 4: Commcraal Estate Net Irrigable Area and Soil / Slope Categories...................................................................................— 101
Table 7-1: Comparative Assessment of Pipe and Canal Conveyance Options  .................................................... ................. ! 07
Table 7-2 Conveyance Pipe Options ...................................... ............................ ................................ . .............. r
10g
I able 7-3: Comparison of Canal and Pipeline Costs for 1, 4 & 8% slope?................................................................... ........... ........... ] m
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Tabic 7-4: Canal Seepage Rates........... .................................................. ........ “....... ............
Tabic 7-5: Seepage Rates Adopted far I jmng over Design lafe.................................................
Table 7-6; Cents and Design life...................... .......... .. ...................... ..........................................
Table 7-7: Value of Water ...................... ...—.................—................. .................................... ....
Table 7-8: Economic Analysis........................................................................................................
^*44 tin
Table ^9: Imgatioo Apportion Methods Characteristics and Efficiencies................................................ Table 7-10. Multi-mEem Analysis for Selection of Irrigation Application Method
Table 7-11: Wind Speeds.......................... ........... ... ........„.......................................................... .................
Table 7-12 Capital Costs of Pressurised A Gravity Application Methods..................................... ........ Tabk 7-1 3: Annual Electric Pumping Costs
Table 7-14: Outline Costs for Options for land with 3-12*  • Slope (USS/ha),,..._.
Table 7-15: Prrssurr Irrigation .Areas disaggregated by soil A slope................................................ .
Table 7 16: Terracing requirement for Upper Belts..................................................................................
Table 7-17: Suggest cd tenure width*................... <............... ..................... ,............ ....... .. ..... .................. Table    7-18:    Indicative    Ceuta    of    Land    Development    (Terracing    A    Smoothing}....
Table 7 19: C onsiderations informing night storage for surface irrigation ..........................................
Table 7 20. Night Storage Comparative Costs.......................... >.............................. .
Table 7-21: Numbers of Households to be Re-located................................ ..................
Mi
Table 8-1 Conveyance Efficiencies...................................................... .......... ,..... .. ..... 4„
Table 8-2: Application Effkirncir? .......................................... .................... ................
I
Table 8-3 Peak crop water requirements and typical design flows..™..................................... _............
Table 8 4. Gross Irrigation Duties ar Diversion Point (i/s/ha)................................. . ... ......................
Table 8-5: Monthly duties and water demands for the Option 2 mix of farm*...................................... fable 8-6 Monthly duties and water demands for a 100% sugar (Munimum demand': ....
Table 9-1: Main System Operator, staffing A costs .......................................... .................... _™..................... ...........
'fable 9-2: Rainfall and suggested penod of no-flow releases from reservoir......................................... ...................
'fable 9-3: Main system open non ....«-........................ .............. ............................ ,,...... ................. ....................... ......
Table 9-4: Number of ternary units and leriiarv design flow ......................................... ........................ -.................
Table 9-5: On firm irrigation options................................. ........... ,................ ......................... .....................................
Table 9-6: On-firm l&D layout options..™..____________ ............................................ ......-...............
Table 9-7: Rotauon of supply to irrigator groups A depth of irrigation...................................................................
Table 9-8: Options for mam A branch canal cross-regulators........................................ ................. ——............ ....
4
Table 9-9: OAM Capital Casts ....................... ....................... ........................................ —......  —....... ,.™„............. -
Table 9-10: Recurrent O&M Costs..................................................................................... ..........................................
Irb F4 Srinh l&I I Ocvfinpmrnt 11
17 -Ma? HFfdrrM I
g/toptfi iVi£
*/&/*!?**■ MtMirn of Hirer & Hwro atlJ PwMp PrWiT
list of figures
Figure l-l: Location of Upper Belts Scheme
Figure 1-2: Stage Development Areas...................... ............... —.......................—................ -............. —.......... —.......... "....... •............... /
Figure 2-1: Furrow irrigated sugarcane (left) Sc sprinkler imgarion (right).................................. ... ..................................... ...............14
Figure 2-2 Lay-flat tubing (hydro-flume) attached to end of ternary canal (left) and irrigating furrows
6
•4H
.............. -........ *...................... . ..... ...... 7.. ... ....................J*
Figure 2-3: Double gated onficc offtake from primary canal (left) dk ennon (nght)-,........................................ -................................. 16
Figure 2-4. View of established West Bank area (left) and E«t bank (right)...,...................................................................... ........... - D
Figure 2-5: Sprinkler & mpod (left) and hose off taking from HDPE lateral (right)......................................... .............. *....... ......... 17
Figure 2-6: Koga dam & lined secondary canals & night Stonge reservoir.................................... . ................... .................... . 20
Figurr 2-7: Diversion weir (leftJ. main canal rut section (right), main canal Lined section (bottom left).
71
pipe drop (below nght)  ............................................ ................................... ——...........*—-........ -—  ..................k“........ .. .......... - Figure 2 8; Mam canal washed out gabion drop (left) Sc geo membrane lined secondary canal (right)—... 24
Figurr 3-1 Chanko rivet (top left), View of Dcrebay plain (top nght), cropping upstream of Fcnddui
(bottom left) and in Weik Meth plain (bottom right).................................................... .......—......................... —......... —- ------ 29
Figure 3-2; Red day sods (Week Meda plain) & Vertisols (Derebav plain)...,,.,....................................................... ..... ........ —-  32
Figure 3-3: InfOmtion Test Results ............................. .......... ........................... ,—........... ..................... • ..................lllir...,,...,33
Figure   3   4:   Grass   land   /   woodland   in   SDA   IB   (top   right).   Overgrazed   Land   near   Fendika   (top   right).
Burning of Grass in SDA LB (bottom right) & soil erosion in SDA V (bottom right)...................................................... 40
Figure   3-5:   Smallholder   crop-lives   lock   farming   (lop   nght   J   and   Abalo   Agro   1   ethnical   Estate   in   IB/LA   (top
right)...........—........ . ................. -.............. «................................................. -................................. ........................-......................... 44
Figure 3-6. Study .Area Rivers, Topography & Elevioon............................... . ......... .... .................. . ....................................... 52
Figure 3-7: Stage Development Areas & Land Slopes.............................. ............... —............................. ........ -......... ................ -......... 53
Figurr 3-8 Soils Map............. ........... ................................ ............ ......... ,............-.......... ........................ ................. 54
Figure 3-9: I jnd Suitability Map ----------------- ..................................... ...................... ................................. .................................. .......55
Figure 3-10: Existing land Use de Land Cover by SDA  ................................... ,......... ....................... ......... ............ ——...................... 56
Figurr 3-11: Existing/ Recently Leased Commercial Farm Areas................................. ........ . .............. .............. ......... ............ ... 57
Figure 4-1 ■ long term average climatic data and ETn for Upper Beks command area........................................................... „„.......60
Figurr 4 2. Seasonal variations in reference evapotranspiration (ET„)............................................... ... .................. ........ ,........ ......... 60
Figure 4 3 Mean, 80% dependable, and effective rainfall for the Upper Beley project-......................................................... 62
Figure 4-4: Annual rainfall isohyets from co-krigwg for the Upper Bdcs project area........................................................ ............... 63
Figure 4-5: Typical Sugar Crop Cycle—.......................................... ......... .......................................................................... .. .................. 69
Figure 4-6: Pint of Results of Test for Irrigation of Vertisols -......................................... ,....... ................... ........... ............... ............... 75
Figure 5-1: Selection of Land L'tdisatinn Type...........................—.-  ___________ ___ ............... .... u......... ............ .......................... 78
Figure 5-Z Typical On farm Sprinkler Layout.......................... .................. ............................................ .................... ................ ,..M,...84
Figure 6-1: Ground Levels along Beks Right Bank Mam Canal...................................... ............................... ...................................... 90
Figure 6-2 Ground Levels along Bele* Left Bank Main Canal........  ........................................... ... ........ .. ............................... .. ........ 91
Figure 6-3; Financial and Economic Benefits with Sugar Estate Size.......................................... ........ ........ .................. .......... ........ 99
Figure 6-4: Irrigation In fra structure Layout ............ ................. .............. ................ .............................. ............ . ..................102
Figure 6-5, Proposed With project Land Use....................... ....................... ......... ................. .......... ............................... .. .14.... ....... ....
Figure 6-6: Proposed With-projcct Commcraal & Smallholder Lmgauon Development ........................................................ ltq
Figure 7-1 Canal lining Opt»ons-..k fc...-...^.^M.H........................................ ...................... ..................... .. ................................ 11 5
.
Figure 7-2:      Infrastructure lavouc       Pressure Irrigation in       SDA IB.._............................................................................      145
Figure ^ 3       Infrastructure layout:      Pressure krigadon in        SDA IVB (sheet      1)_..................................................     .....146
Figurr 7-4:      Infrastructure layout:      Pressure Irrigation in       SDA IVB (sheet      2)............................................................. ]47
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Figure 7-5: Proposed All-Weather Roads
...................................................
Figure 8-1: Required Diversion FFw far Left & Right Bink Man Canals. m3/s
Figure 8-2 Gross Irrigation Duties at Diversion Point...........................................................................
Figure 9-1: Upstream and Downstream control irrigation systems
Figure 9-2, Downstream control showing wedge storage...,........................... .. ............... .....................
Figure 9-3: Cross Regulator Gate Options
...
------- 148
............................ -........ 1S4
155
>| H<4-ll t-S-H l ii aana l.sij.h.., , 176
177
179
Figure 9-4 Proposed cross regulator arrangement for main cinii.......................................... ...... . ............................ M..................... 181
Figure 9-5: Night storage reservoir (Koga)........................................................................ ................................................w.................. 182
Figure 9-6‘ Envisaged On Iarm Infrastructure,—,.......................-........................... .................... ,........ . ........................................... 184
Figure   9   7:   STD/01   Typical   on-farm   Layout   dope*   3%.   commercial   furrow   irrigation   (lay-flat   tubing)   192
Figure 9-8: STD/02 Typical on-farm layout slope <3%. smallholder furrow„...................................................................................193
Figure 9-9: STD/03 Typical on-farm layout slope 3-8%, furrows (open channel 194
Figure 9-10. STD/04 Typical on-farm layout slope 3-8%, basins (open channel),.............................................................................. ]95
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17-May-llFiMTn/ EtawirwOf
L'MvFmw Nri FnprtWw rfiwf              Pwrt
ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS
«*■
ACSI ACE ADSWE
A ETSE
/INKS
ARARI
ARD
AWWCE
BGNRS
Board
BoFED
BoH
BoWKD
BoR
CPA
USE
DA
E1A
EPA
EPLAL'A
ESC
ha
HH
IPA
kg
km
LEPB
LLH
m
MCA
MLH
Mo ARD
MoFED
MoVCR
MoTl
NGO
PWS
Q»
sc;
SLH
TCD
WMC
Amhara Credit and Saving* Institute
Amhara Construction Enterprise
Amhara Design <5c Supervision Works Enterprise
Agricultural Equipment & Technical Services Enterprise
Amhara National Regional Sate
Amhara Regional Agnail rural Research Institute
Agriculture and Rural Development
Amhara Water Works Construction Enterprise
Bencshangid-Gumiiz Nariorud Regional Slate
Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development
Bureau of Finance and Economic Development
Bureau of Health
Bureau of Water Resources Development
Bureau of Revenue
Cooperative Promotion Agency
Conservation Strategy of Ethiopia
Development Agent
Environmental Impact Assessment
Environmental Proterhon Agency (Federal Level)
Environmental Protection. l^and Ad ministration & Use Agency { or LEPB) (Regional Level)
Ethiopian Sugar Corporation
Hectare
1 lousehold
Investment Promotion Agency (Federal / Regional Level)
Kilogramme
Kilometre
Land and Environment Protection Bureau Regional 1 z-vel)
Larger landholding 1 lousehold
Metre
Multi-Czireni Analysis
Medium Landholding Household
Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development
Ministry of Finance and Economic Development
Ministry uf Water Resources (renamed Ministry of W ater and Energy in Oc lobcr
2010)
Ministry of Trade & Industry
Non Governmental Organisation
Potable Water Supply
Quintal (100 kg)
Service Cooperative
Small Landholding Household
Tonnes of Can? per Day
Water Management Committee (for PWS scheme)
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WUA
WWCE
WRD
WWDSE
Water I Tiers’ Asjindsmon
Water Works Coflltructicn Enterprise
Water Resource Development
Water Works Design & Supervision Enterprise
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1          INTRODUCTION
ZJ              Project Location
The project is kwxTed shout 30 km south-west nf Lake Tana and falls within the Arribara and Bcnishangul-Gumuz Rcgionn of Ethiopia, ace Figure bl. h Lies completely within rhe catchment of the Brks River which flow? south westwards towards the Blue Nik through the middle of the scheme area. The northern rdgr of the scheme area a at northing 12Q5CHJ0 where rhe over emerges from enclosing mountains md enters a widening plain- The southern
boundary is close to rhe town of Gilgd Belts at northing 1235000 At its widrst point the
scheme area extends about 40 km between eastings 0210000 and 0250000
f.2 Pfo/ecf CrvxJs
Tlic gijife nf the Ethiopian Nile Irrigation and Drainage Project ire to:
•       Promote the development of sustainable, smallhold er-based irrigated agriculture;
•       Reduce poverty in the project arras and to contribute to rural economic activities and livelihood*; by providing opportunities to grow high value crops;
•       Promote food security through increased production of staple crops;
•       Promote the involvement of rhe private vector in targe scale commercial irrigation development; and
•       Cuntnbutr to rural employment and hence wealth and well being-
lhr project’s design is consistent with these goals, and particularly in the case of the Upper Belts irrigation scheme, with large scale crjmmcrcui (sugar) development.
J.J           DcffnitfQDfi
/J. 1           Study £> RtyKTztaror
For clarity adopted terms for Study, Project and Imgahk (Irrigation) areas are tabulaird below For die Upper Beks irrigation scheme the Study Arc* lotals 136.383 ha, w hile the Project Area totals 138,15? ha.
Tablc kls Smdy and Project Area*
Nr
Description
CLardying Remarks
1
Study Area
fhe Study Art* is rhe area for which: (Tj soils, land iiw and Land luirabiLirv studies and rrups; and (a) topographic lurtty / contour / DEM maps arr prepared. Areas obviously new miied to ungunon development (eg hilh) arr eichjdrd trooi rtic Study Am. Breakdown of the Study Area. by, eg, soil types, land dope eaccgimes. land tuitabiiity (SI. S2. S3, Nt. rtc) are given in the "soils”
report.
2
Project Area
line Project Area may be mmr or less than the Study Area, and es delineated br the imgatkjn engineer following fixing of alignments for Main Canals and Drain*., etc. The Project area is divided into two main categories in the Development: Planning Process:
•      Irrigable Command Area; and
*      Non ungable Area .
3
1
tmgabte Command
The Imgable Command Area is determined by [he irrigation engineer for each
(tertiary / and o-niiary canal command based lopogjaphic. Land lunibilllv and
1
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Clarifying Remarks
Area (also Net
Irngahlt
Command
Area)
4 Non-Itngahlc
Areas
'* *itcr availability consideration*
To determine the Net Irrigable Command Area rhe land take foe (irrigation) infrastructure h deducted, typically 4-9%.
The (Net) Irrigable Command Area is further broker, down into l^nd Vtihsadon I Trpes, bin’s 1.2,3 (surface) and LUT* 4.S&6 (pressure)* bared on snaal /
commercial, etc considerations ;scc below).______________________________
The nor-irrigable areas compose all land not allocated for irrigated agnculniral development, for example:
•       SctdcmenB / homestead*
Infrastructure (other than irrigation infraitrocrurc included above) Environment preservation / enhancement
Forestry plantations (for fuel wood / construction)
9         Communal graying
4         Rjunfed cropping
Non-productive land (eg rocky out crops)
| Some land areas may be multi-use. Fur rumple the rivers/ streams / gullies that bisect the lipper Beles pro|CCf area delineated from consideration of land sun ability and extent seasonal flooding. are set aside fur environmental, communal grating and (to some extent) fuel wood with plantations to mark the
boundaries
1. 3.2        LjkJ I Jfiirjtoir Typtj
The izngablc land is divided up into various types or categories according to: (it method of
water application; and (u) management tvpr The considered Land Utilisation Types for die
Upper licks Lmgarion development project are:
LIFT 1: surface irrigation, smallholders;
LIH 2i surface irrigation, large enterprises,
LUT 3: surfice irngaoon, mu-growers;
LUT 4 pressure irrigation, smallholders;
LUT 5: pressure irrigation, large enterprises; and
l.UT 6: pressure irrigation, out-grower*
L J J        5to# Dnabpwttf .'1 rroi
Due the huge size of Upper Belcs with highly  varying  physical (and social / population) characteristics it was divided up into  five Stage Development Arras (SDA) according  io physical (eg river) bcundarirs, see Figure 1-2
Note: Stage II for Upper Hyim (Dindir; does not form pan of the feasibility study area, but h included as irrigation development of this area ii envisaged by diverting water from the Main canal at Fcndika The assumed net irrigable area for Stage 11 is about 10-12.000 ha
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Some of rhe SDAs were further divided up into  difference sub-stages. It »  envisaged that project implemcn ration will be phased around these SDAs. s tarn ng on the right bank and. proceeding to the left bank.
/./              Background
1,4 J         Otf-gri*r Sdr*r Cnn.flntdiffn W DtwJb/Ww/
The Upper Boles project is already in a state of development with: (i) detailed design and codstmeuon initialed by the AmJiara Regional Gcwcroimenr through the Amhara Design Ar Supcrvuioa Works Enterprise; and fu) intense pnvate sector interest with tease agreements being drafted by both regional and central government, principally for sugarcane.
The (original) contracts between the Amhara Regional Government and the ADSWE signed tn early 2009 called for studies covering soil survry and swubihiv. topographic survey, agro- economy livestock and irrigation agronomy studies, for detailed design of a (surface) irrigation system and for construction supervwiotL The contract durations were for 24 months (studies Ai design! and 56 months 'construction supervision).
Simultaneouslv the Federal Government concluded a contract in February 2009 with Hakrow GIRD for full feasibility studies for about 80.000 ha (net) irrigated agriculture development
\prrrd over 3-irngation projects the largest being Upper Belts. These feasibility studies, financed by the Worid Bank, ire scheduled for completion by April 2011
Various meeting at various Irvcls have been held co coordinate activities, with the broad re suit that tiir ADSWE subsequcntlv focussed on detailed design and cons true don supervision acuviocs Construction started in Octuber/Novembcr 2009 on a right bank diversion weir and a largely unlined 40 mV* capacity canal to br built as far as bendika , a canal distance of about 31,6 km.
Construction progress in 2010 was less than expected, in pan due to funding constraints. Substantial progress was only made on the diversion weir and the first 6 km of unlined main canal No canal structures weir completed. It also found thai substantial rock Idas ting
would be tequired to complete the main canal as far as Ecndika
Discussions arc on going between Federal and Amhara regional governments about project development and implementation including:
•      A Proposal for die Federal Government to Lake over funding and implementation responsibility from the Amhara regional government, with implementation in both Amhara and Benishangul-Giimuz regional states.
•      To redefine the detailed drsign and construction supervision role for the ADSWE within a new (federal government) implementation modality.
•      A proposal to amend / revoke (all) current lease agreements including foal with BDFC - Hiber sugar and with CLC; and
1
' I lie diversiuA tot has a ae*r htiphi uf abtMi 7tn and i 4-j»aicd iunkc feeding j land trap and j canal, rhe canal n unluted (al present) with a bed width of about lb in.
capacity left bank main
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• To involve the Ethiopian Sugar Corporation / Ethiopian Sugar Development Agency
ui the project bv Jrasing about 50,000 ha of land a* a sugar estate in rachange for
funding.
The current concept is thcrrfnre for a large commercial sugar estate ccnued on die Dercbav plain vertisols extending nver about 40,000 ha within Upper Beles with An additional 10,000 hi in Hymi (Upper Dindir) For Upper Belts a cane crushing mill of 32-18,000 TCD would be required located near the Upper Belts river in the Derebay plain To avoid hauling cane updic escarpment from Hyma, a second smaller factor would be required for Hyma.
t.4.2 /nffrvw Stakehohkr Worfahopt Manh 20 fO
To inform rhe on going feasibility study and development activities for Upper Belts an interim stakeholder workshop was held in March 2010 in Addis Ababa For the workshop the Consulrants presenlcd development options and intent2 including:
•      Delineation of broad areas for smallholder and commercial fanning as well as settlement, rain fed agriculture, forestry and livestock grazing requirements;
•      Water application options, surface or pressure (sprinkler);
•      Water delivery (conveyance) options, open channel or pipe;
•      Outline cropping patterns for smallholders and commercial farms;
•      Planning norms particularly for with-project land use.
•      Resettlement / land consolidate in implicate ms; and
•      Implementation arrangements including phasing of development
Issues discussed by workshop participants included:
•      Commcroal agricultural developments and sinus of lease agreements in die command area, including: (i) the 17,400 ha area leased by the regional government to liDl’C Hiber pk for sugarcane development, and (ii) the 25,000 ha lease for cotton, etc, signed between CLLC industries and ihr Mo ARD;
•      Operating rules for the Tana-Belrs HEP and implications;
•      Current status of detailed design A: construction and failure plans, including option* for pressure (sprinkler) irrigation; and
•      Cturenl slarus of feasibility study including soils A land, suitability, smallholder land tenure, agriculture and livelihoods, etc-
< ‘ondwding note* from the stakeholder discussions arc included as Annex A
f-4, J 
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This irnganou dcvelopiriEnf .report was prepared I oilowing completion of; (i) field soil, topographic and agro-socio economic surveys^ and (ii) the proposed imgauon layout including delineation of proposed command and irrigable areas.
The mix ot irrigated smallholder, small/medium commciaal farms and large sugarcane estate wih extensively discussed with smallholders To rmbrace the full range of different iarm combinations alternative agntuliuxai development options were identified ranging kom no 1
1 Refer ’'Siatrhaldcr CoenJeanon Hriefag More; PfctauoM? Anowwnt and Imgi&ia Devdopmen' Intent". March 201(1
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cammercial sugar (Option. 0) to a sugar estate over the hiU irrigation area of 63*8 I ha ((Option 5). These option! are detailed in SR-02B: Irrigated Agriculture & Agro-ct onnmic Development and are tabulated below
The rccommmded agricultural development ittrurio xs Option 2A, but others have merit including Option 4 which appears to be quite close to die development actually bring initialed by Government with the Ethiopian Sugar Corporation. Option (I (no sugar} and Option > (10*0?4 sugar) arc not recommended bur were included for completeness. Financial and economic analyses of these options, including a mnln cnrrna assnimdit, are given in SR-06: Financial Ar Economic Analysis.
Ta bk 1-2: Upper Bek < Agr icu Itural Develop meat Option*
Opnon
Dr option
----------- .----------------------------------
Net Irrigation Areai (ha)
Total
Sugar
rtUK
SmiO-
holders
Commercial Farms
t fption 0
Xn sugar estate
63,871
0
33,284
[52. Pd
30*587
(47.9%) |
(’Trion 1
Minimum Sugar Ctiatr
63.871
21,860
(34 2*i
26,644
(41.7%)
15366
(24.1%)
<lpriori 2A
Curt sugar estate
63,871
22,872
35 8%
4,773
C3%)
< >p<ion 2B
-
Core sugar estate (ie as Option 2Aj but with out-gtowert
63.87]
36.225
(56.7%)
22.873
<35.8%)
4.77J
C^J.
Option ZC
Core  sugar  estate  with  pressure (sprinkler) in SO A TVB -W
65,161
37,515
(57 6%)
22,872
(35.1%)
4.773
C3%)
Opiion 3
Corr  sugar  csrare  plus expansion area
63.071
40,999
64.2%:
22,872
(35.8%)
0
Option 4
,VU sugar estate with only pumped left bank JevdopmenT Jt accclcrarni unplemmtiUun
39*175
39,175
(100%)
0
0
< Option 5
All sugar estate
63,871
63.871
(100%) |
0
0
I b F4 SrC'lb UkD D^dopBiunt (1)
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17 May LI
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IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT WITHIN ETHIOPIA
Frame writ
r ^f?rw//*7T and IFdfrr R/j<wm-/ D/wApw*/
The National Water Resources Management Policy (NWRMP), 2000. provides for creation nt individual or combined river basin organisations (RBOs) for ad 12 river basins tn Ethiopia.
Irrigation Polity as set our in die NWRMP calls for development of Ethiopia’s irrigated agriculture potential m a susCunabte wav for the production of food crops and raw matrnals
needed for agro-industries. The imgauon policy emphasize*
•
l-ull integration of irrigation with die overall framework of socio-economic
development plans, and more pamcularly with rhe Agricultural Development Led
Industrialization Strategy
•
Irrigation as an integral part of the water sector and overall water resources
development
•
DeccntraJriatfon and user-based management of imgation systems. considering the
special needs of rural women
•
Developing priority schemes based on ford requirements and the national economy.
•
Supporting and enhancing traditional irrigation schemes
•
Ensuring rhe prevention and rrudganon of the degradation of irrigation water,
•
Establishing water allocation and priority setting cntrni.
•
Intcgf anon of appropriate drainage facilities and environmental sustainability
require men is
•
Enhancing greater parucipabon of regional and other stakeholders.
The National Waler Resource Sector Strategy, developed tn line with NWR_MP, formulated implementation plans and programmes for the period 2002-16, The Waler Sector Development Programme fVCSDP) included for extension of irrigation, hydro power and the potable water supply. The Irrigation Development Programme (IDF) calls for an additional 274,000 ha of irrigation development within the 15 year plan prnod. an increase of 135% over current levels.
The   Sustainable   Development   A:   Poverty   Reduction   Programme   (SDPRP),   2002/3   to   2004/5, was based on four supporting pillars
•     Agricultural Development Led Indus tnalisarion (A DI J);
•     Justicc System A Civil Service Reform,
•      Decentralisation and Empowerment; and
•      Capacity Building tn Public and Private Sectors.
The ADLI strategy to increase agricultural producriviry places cmpha<t* on provsrion of infrastructure including roads and irrigation, the diffusion of appropriate agnculrural productxm technologies and support (eg improved seeds, fertilisers and culrrvaoon pnetjers). and a shift from slate owned farms to private sector production.
The Plan for Accelerated and Sustained Development co End Pmtnv (PASDEP). 2OCM/5 to 2009/10. builds nn and broadens the SDPRP and the ADLI xtnre^r, ro tndudc basac education, access to water and salutation, acct** to roads and eketnan and for safety n«s for
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poorest puts of the country  PASDEP also  phccs pellet emphasis on accelerated econotnic growth with commercialisation of apiculture and integration of small farmers into the nurkct economy The eight supporting pillars of PASDEP are:
•     Building Implementation Capacity;
•     Accelerated Economic Growth primarily by commercialisation of agriculture and promotion of private sector involvement / development;
•     Addressing die population challenges along with female empowerment.
•     I nkashing the potential of Ethiopia's women with gender education parity, women's health and potable water supply;
•      Infrastructure including toads, water supply construction of five major dams for I Hip and telecommunications,
•     I Inman resource development,
•     Managing nsk for example reducing vulnerability to shock which is mitigated by irrigation; and
•     Creating employment opportunities
PASDEP identified the Tana A Beles zone as the first of five proposed development zones or "fwwtb mM' in the country. Its initial vision was for **'jtMsb*"nt of a kadmfjood *rvn Jiriy
baitd on smiamabit ^rnntmtahsed agiottotn and a condttam brntntu cnnron/mnt rtml/tnf in j destination of ihotnfor domtn andJovrifn mm ton".
Proclamations relevant to the ENIDP include
•     Proclamation Nr 554/200” concerned the formation of basin management organisations to improve holisuc water resources planning and management, and paved the way for the Abbay basin organisation and SBOs in sub-bums including Bcles and
Tana
•     Proclamation No 197/2000, stating that all of the country's waler resources arc the common property of the Ethiopian people and the Stale, and giving the MoWR the necessary powers to allocate and apportion water to all regional statrs regardless of the source and location of the resource.
•     Proclamation No 4/1995, stating that the MoWR has the power and duty’ to determine the conditions and methods required for the optimum allocation and utilization of the water that flows across or between more than one regional government among vinous
users
•     Proclamation No 41/1995, granting the regions the mandate for certain aspects of water resource management, including small scale hydropower activities.
•     Proclamation No 197/1992. dealing with the water resources management regulations describing development areas that require a license, procedures for obtaining licenses, the allocation of water for vinous uses and the need to protect water resources from pollution It consider? that watri is in economic good and that it has to be valued and desenes protection.
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If)lh
Afrric/rj a? ITJtrr & Iift^
Ndr /fflj^wH* J*f                   Prtftif
The  incoming  Abbay  Basin  Authority  \  along  with  sub-basin  authorities  tor  I  ana  and  Bd«.  will have a central role in the marugemcni of water uac ind regulation of water levels in I ake 1 ana
2. f. 2        /'.      kwwHrk far K/1 r tfkf*fNr cjtfd / ji/rd CtafMMw
The expropriation of land, resettlement of affected people and the consolidation of holdings,
will be necessary for rhe effective development of irrigated agriculture, including the
establishment of commercial farms, in the Upper Beks project area. Relevant legal documents
and guideline* include
•      ProcbuiMtron No 455/2005 ro Provide for the Expropriation of Landholdings for
Public Purposes and Payment of Compensation (15* July 2005);
•      Proclamation No. 450/2005 Rural Land Administration and 1 and Ute (15* July 2005);
•      Council of Ministers Regulanon No. 135/2007 - Payment of Compensation for
property Situated on Landholding Expinpriated for Public Purposes (lR   Mai —00 ),
and
•      World Rank Gtudchnn OP 4.12 and BP 4 .12 (December 21*01), for World Batik
is ski rd propels.
According  to  the two  Proclamation^ of the I'13R of Ethiopia, the modalities for rhe allocation of substitute land as well as land redistribution and consolidation I for irrigation dcvelopnicnl I are as follows.
•      DiBtribuitaan maybe undertaken on irrigable Land tn order to use imgahle land properly and equitably;
•      Where farmers are evicted from landholding* for construction of irrigation
infrastructure, land distribute»n shall be undertaken to provide equitable benefit from
thr irrigation development being established;
•      Where irrigation canals are constructed, the holder u obliged io allow construction of irrigation and other infrastructure if they cross hit land bedding;
» Without prejudice co the farmer holding or farm plot size of a household, the farm plot
to be given tn the future shall not be less than the minimum size bolding (rhe size of
rural landholding shall ensure the food security of rhe farming household),
•      To make small farm plots convenient for development, farmers arc encourage*! Io voluntary exchange farm lands; and
•      Information of thr size and fertthty of the farm plots which farmers intend to exchange
shall be distributed through the kcbclc administration
With  regard  to  Cflmpcmation  payments,  the  modabhrs  spc-ciGed  in  rhe  two  Proclamations  are as follows:
• A rural landholder, whose landholding has been expropriated, shall be entitled to payment oi compensation for hn property situated on ihr land fbased on its replacement cost), and for improvements made lo such land (equal to the value of thr capital and kbour expended), as well as lhe cost rif removal, transportation and crecuon of any property' that could be reallocated and continue its services as before;
’ An Ablm Hrv„ Huin T«m ™  »« up m 20U9 m ,he MMXR supported by  Froid* Mwtu>ce) at i rrunurion.l r.srinmoru* JiMn^iiKTit tor umtic acnvidei of chr future Borin Aulhoarr. It has  opened i braich pffic- m ftahir ulr „ tn charge of the J mi Hein Integrated Water RcMHirvrw Dmfc^wncnt Project
' .h |r4Sr0lh l&D Devdu|Kient 0)
11
r May-11Frdrruf DwotHI. &?#*>•'
Falrr & Efttrg
Efhtptt A'ri
jWDnrieSjr
•      In addition to the payment of compensation for property, a rural landholder, whose landholding has been permanently expropriated, shall also be pud a displacement compensation equivalent to 10 times the average annual income that lie secured during
the last 5 yean preceding the expropriation of the land (in ease that no replacement
land fa provided);
•      If substitute (replacement) land is available for the rural landholder, whose land has
been expropriated, the displacement compensation shall only be equivalent to (1 ttme)
the average annual income secured during the 5 years preceding the expropriation of
the land; and
•      Any person claiming compensation for the expropriation of his land shall produce
proof of legitimate possession of the expropriated landholding and ownership of (he property (through the issued holding certificate).
In Line with the national proclamation, the ANRS issued the regional Rural Land
Administration and Use Proclamation (Nr 133/2006) in May 2006 The proclamation
established vinous articles with respect to rural land administration and use in the region
Among the most important articles are die user right io land holdings, land re-distribution, the procedures for obtaining land holding, minimum land holdings, and conditions leading to the
removal of holding nghts A number of the articles require specific regulations to implement
the legislation
Recognising  that  resettlement  will  be  required  in  some  of  the  ENIDP  schemes,  particularly  in Upper Beks, a resettlement policy’ framework was prepared tn 200" A
2.2            Irriga tion Practice# in Ethiopia
2.2.1         iittnduat&tt
Irrigation practices in six existing large irrigation schemes were assessed to determine best practice and inform possible irrigation development for the Upper Bclcs irrigation scheme . The six schemes assessed arc tabulated below Detailed findings for each scheme are given in Annex B and summarised below.
4
I ■u«rrw*w^ r Uy ' '«-w-v o, I ik-v* InWi«^ h L*****
»• SUmP**'* lrd 30*
*• Re(« fearibitoty tfixh suppkmefttAry tqxKt SROIB lrr»p.»noe 13rvdop<neniFftW Aww**’
y ITirtr        h*«rp
_Vdr Jrr^ii'j'ift i'<"ri IJniflMjy P™*h
. Name of wheme
River
baa in
Major
CTtip(.)
Year
Erl
Altitude
()
Slope*
soil*
Region
Remark*
ro
Wnn ji-
Shoa
Sug^r
Estate
Awash
Sugarcane
1954
1,500
Mont!}
<1%
Heavy day scid (>50%); light soil*
(>romia
( haf grower*
Ac 
c ocnmeraal
Sde
Rift
valley
Cotton,
Mujc A
Banana
Earh
1960s
1,120
SNNPR
Commercial
estate
Mctahara
Sugar
1 if tale
Upper
Awash
Sugarcane
1965
l---------------- 950
Silt loams & c lay 
loams
Mostly
<1%
Sands to
day 
loams
Oronflia
Commercial esiafc; Out- grriwvn
Meki-
Zrwuy
Rafi
VaDcv
Mixed
1967
1,640
Sandy
lojin
(Irptrua
Commercial
estate
Amibua
Middle
Awaah
Cotton
1984
TSO
Mostly
<1%
Sandv 
loim.
loam & ch}- loam
-Mat
.Mostly 
commercial
Finclua
Sugar
Eataie
Nile
Sugarcane
IWB
1,350-
1,600
1 K%
Luvnok
de
Vertisol*
< bnmia
Commercial mate
Noic IJcvalirm rsfut' th** Upper Heirs rt rrnsKaridi from ibejut *1,050 fri ”1,250 m
? A? IFoff.rr-Shoa Sugar H/faft
The VCunji-Shoa commercial sugar estate is near Nazareth Town about 110 km south cast of Addis Ababa in rhe Awash rivrr basin Its command area rnnmtly comprises four different Ureas:
♦     Area 1: the core commercial surface (furrow) irrigation area of 5,822 ha which is managed by the estate using water pumped from the Awash River at WanjL
•      .Area 2: an out-grower surface irrigation area of 1,200 ha supplied by several sflikUer pumps abstracting watrr from the Awash river.
*     Area 3: a pressure expansion area unthtn the existing estate of 600 ha where w-ater from a gravity canal off-taking from the Awash river » pumped through a pressure pipe distribution system and applied bv sprinkler
•      Area 4 an under consLrucriua expansion area of 2,300 ha to use wTiter diverted from die river and pumped for pressure (spnnkler) imgatwn.
Waler js pumped from Awash Ris er through pumping stations. Most of the estate is fed from pumping stations through an extensive earthen canal system and storage faalines Pumps run continuously to store water in reservoirs, which are located at various locations in die estate, and the estate is irrigated partly from the water supplied directly by die pumps and the fest from the reservoirs.
Ub F4Srf)lb l&i) DrerinpinEnt (I.)
LI
17-May-HE/ta^M N“t •rT^r'4tJ
‘ p^f
The water delivery infrastructure compose? open canals. Water control and discharge measurement fadliurt include fared proportional division and manual gaits loured mostly at primary and secondary canal level ( alibrated gates arc employed for discharge measurement purposes.
light soils Io heart soils Irrigation intervals van' from 15 days for rhe lighter soils in 22 days or more for the heavier soils Soil moisture rs iiscssed by the “hand-fed" method and the irrigation interval is sometimes as long as 30 io 40 days. Typically the gross irrigation depth ranges from 165 to 215 mm.
2.2.1 SiJr Staff I’jtw
The toul area of the suit farm designed to be imgated. with waler from the Site and Segc nvrrs, wa* about l.ioit hectares with :m additional 400 hectares to be irrigated using spring water. Currently, the farm is taxed on 1.34)0 hectares.
Irrigation water is diverted Emm the Site River uslng a smp|c intake from the bank of the over. The main cand, secondary and tertiary canals are a]] earlhen with trapezoidal cross sections Other structures such as divuwn boxes and ro,d crosnngs ate made of stone masonry'. Manually operated steel gates are in use in the farm though most are not functional burrow imgaoon is widely used to ungaic coiton, mifre and banana.
Uli F4 SrOlb I4D DcM'kjpmrnr (1)Ftdffrt' Dwtc*#; Rfpitte-
f • rtvDjVrfir JVA i ^^nfl Dww/ .
.Wjwrfry flfll ^/f.r <*- Lurrtf
r
Pr wiJ
2.2-4        Mrtohdnr Svgar LLffa/t
More than Bl percent of the estate is irrigated bv gravin'. The Enterprise currently has a lolal concession area of 14,733 ha, our of which about 10,300 ha is covered with sugarcane
Irrigation water is abstracicd from the Awash River via two gravity diversion wens and intake headworks at Metahara and Abadir.
'I'hcrr are 23 reservoirs fof irrigation warcr storage, and a 1.200 km canal network supplies irrigation water to sugarcane fields. The water delivery infrastructure consists mostly of unlinrd canals buT with some lined canals Manual gates are used to control irrigation water flows Water control Atructures arc found ar primary, secondary ind tertian levels Calibrated sections and gates arc employed to measure water dischargc-
Furrow- irrigation using plastic siphons, typically "0 mm internal diameter. Recently, 425 min flexible plastic hoses ihvdrnflurnes) have been introduced as an alternative to feeder ditches. A three-man irrigator learn is responsible for managing the 200 l/n lead stream and 40 siphon
tubes.
Imgaiioii interval depends on the sod types of rbr estate and varies frortt days for sands to 22 days for clay loam The application ratr also vanes tn a similar way from less than 550 m /ha for sands to more than 1,500 m’/ha for clay loam.
Figure 2-2: Lay-flat tubing fhydro-ilume) attached m end of tertiary canal (left) and
J
The Metahara Sugar Estate is a government managed scheme and IS organized mtn four broad divisions agricultural operations, factory' and logistics, finance and human resources, and support giving and advisory services. The estate pay* for water diverted from the river to the Awash Basin Authority.
2.2.5         Mt Ju Zmjy
Lake Ziwav is the waier source of the Ziway Irrigation Scheme Water u pumped and diverted to the scheme using centrifugal pumpfl. The watrr delivery infra structure inc hides open channels, pipelines, lined canals, and unhned can ah Water control equipment comprises fixed proportional division and a manually operated gate. Discharge measurement is by calibrated canal sections The predominant on-farm irrigation practice is surface (furrow) irrigation but abandoned sprinkler and drip tmgaaon systems also exist
Lbb4SrQ1h ]ftD llcvduprtu'ni (I)
£ . -May-1 iI
IrA^N >’<*
r^*w. 4 (>*•*»*. yo <*■ h«t
l^Mf FWl’
22.6 ytwr/vn/
Irriftanon wtlcr for the propel is diverted from the Awash Ris er by » diversion weir Poor funcnoiung of the wu due to river bed aggradation results in large volumes of sediment entering the canal system annually The primary canal has a design discharge of about 13 m‘/, and supplies a command arc# of N.W»0 ha, of which 60-70% is irrigated.
The num canal runs 26 km from the diversion weir ami supplies mostly commercial farms. Th, distribution and drainage system is by unlined canals with ma|or control strictures being reinforced concrete ami minor structures masonry. Offtakes from the primary canal comprise double gated onficc structures and alkiw flow measurement, see figure below llicie is no night storage.
Irrigation water in the scheme is applied using furrow, border and basin irrigation methods» though furrow irrigation using siphons dominates for cotton, the major crop Furrow lengths range from 200 to 250 m with i furrow spacing of 0.9 m In recent years furrow lengths have been reduced due to the problem of land levelling
227           / vw< Am J a$r Eittile
Sugarcane is the only crop cultivated by the Estate Its command area comprises three distinct
areas;
•     Original west bank development area supplied by the 45 km long West (left) bank main canal of 6 7 m’/s capacity The original design was for 1.08 l/s/hn for a 6.200 ha net lmgablc area, however, after two or three years it was realized that this resulted in over irrigation and drainage and water logging. Consequently the duty was reduced and the command area increased to about 8.000 ha
•     East bank expansion area of about 7,000 ha area to supplied until a new East (tight) bank main canal conveying water from the existing weir on the Finchan river where a new offtake is under construction
•      I he far West Nashc area of 4,000 ha which is under development
t’b!'4SrO1b I AD Drstkifxncnt (I)
16fl/ fcWpfo. M-i «/n II '•*'    «*«© N7A Jfffldftfl* j*H>nt«<^ IW
Due ti> umld'W mid rdsiiivdy M«p lopopaphy the Finclmi irrignlion project wsi* denned
frc»m it* inception a* a ttwi M ttiipriMr^ivm uiilisiny- itptinkkr slaticl pipe* applied from Intends by 36 in long flexible Iiomcs.
Irrigation application* are variable depending on »oil type nnd crop growing stage* a* follows;
-      24 hours application (133 mm)cvrry 20 days at peat «op water requirement periods on the black (cracking) vertisol^
■     10 hour* Application (56 mm) even 1(1 clnys nt peak crop waler requirement pc noth on luviwk; mid
•      6 hours Application (33 mm) every 7 days for young cane, all soik It is understood tint sprinkler uniformity ls about 84-85° n.
I'hc original design duty of I 08 l/s/hn ar die diversion weir (6.7 m’/s main can.nl for □ net irrigable aren of 6,200 hi). resulted in over irrigation and water logging, h was subsequently found that about 8,000 ha could be irrigated, equating to a duty nt the war of 0.84 l/s/ha
2 2. J        Luton r atrti Cm* banh r
Most of the existing large ungmon schemes use water from perennial rivers through diversions using a weir or by direct pumping. The common discharge controlling structures nrc manually operated steel gates with graduated staff gauges to measure water level which is converted Inter into discharge using standard tables Discharges measuremmis arc therefore not iceuraic
I b 1 '4 M1 I b I At 0 Dcs-cU ijiitkiu (I)
17
17-May 11LffapM* Nik lmpt>" avt Dw^gf Pwcf
Provision of more accurate flume measuring structures is recommended for open canals m the Upper Beles irrigation scheme.
\X ith the exception of Finchaa where the main canals arc concrete lined trapezoidal seciioiu, the canals are largely unlincd. There is no pipeline conveyance except at Finchaa where it is required to enable sprinkler water application l or the other schemes trapezoidal canhen canals convey water to the irrigation fields.
Surface irrigation techniques, particularly furrow irrigation, is the most commonly used irrigation method with rhe exception of Finchaa Sugar Estate where large-scale sugarcane cultivation has been developed using sprinkler irrigation. The adoption of sprinklers at Finchaa was probably largely due to the sterper (2-5%) slopes tn this scheme, with application efficiencies 'uniformity of sprinkler distribution) of about 84-85%.
Where furrow irrigation is practiced water use efficiency and yields are promoted by:
•     Use of 425 mm diameter hydro-flumes replacing tertiary / field channels and supplying water water to furrows via 70 mm hoses;
•     furrow runoff bring lead into field drams and not ponding m the fields, and
•     Periodic precision land levelling
Irrigation application intervals and depths depend on crop stage of growth and soil type, and for sugarcane are tabulated below.
Table 2-2: Irrigation Application 8c Depths
Wonji-Sboa
Metahara
Finchaa
Irrigation
interval
(d*v»)
Irrigation
Application
(min)
Irrigation Interval
1 rogation
Application
(mm)
Irrigation
Interval
(days)
Irrigation
Application
(mm)
Vertisols:  peak crop requirement*
28
215
22
150
20
IM
Lighter sods: peak crop requirements
10
165
7
55
10
56
Young cane all
soils
■1
6
33
1
The Upper Beks command lies AC an elevation of about 4-1,050 to 41,250 m, slightly lower than W’onji and Finchaa, but higher than Metahara, and irrigation intervals for sugarcane where vertisols dominate arc likely to be long, vis 21-28 days with 130-200 mm depth applied with
each irrigation f or young cane more frequent irrigations are required, probably at 7-10 da\ interval* applying about 30-50 mm For a range of smallholder crops grown on the luvisoh, irrigation intervals of 10 14 days air likcJv to be appropriate.
Several schemes suffer to some extent from water logging / salinity, winch could be alleviated by provision of drainage
Uh F"4 SfOlb IAI) Development 1
18jMi«J/n * W \rftr „-*- Fiwr^.
.V/i 7"3gitf/M J*/D«flpr Ptynf
In addition to good infrastructure competent managemrni Mafl and institutional arrangrrnenti Afc features of ihc bcrier schemes. "[he Upper Beks irrigation scheme will essentially comprise sugarcane cropping on rhe flat / gently sloping De re bay plain on vertisols, md smallholder irngnicd agnculture on both vermis ami red day-loamy sods on the surrounding dope* up tu about R% (verm<>L<) and I2*o red clay-loamy soib). The management of the dam. diversion weir and main canals will have rn he undertaken by a professional organisation (main system operator) Farmers would be organised to form warn user groups and associations at tertiary and secondin’ level respectively. and with cooper stive 5 tor pint activities such as marketing, inputs purchase* and equipment management
ZJ
Litr^r-5cj/e Smil/ho/dcr
fn/rndthTwn
DevcJoptneaf & Land Cans0&d*oon
The I 'pper Bek* irrigation project is likely so comprise a core large commercial sugarcane estate along with smallholder irrigaiion development, mostly Ln cusung mnfrd crop arras centred around Pcndika, Werk Mcda and Pawe Terracing, land consolidation and resettlement will be
an integral part of flic scheme's development enabling* (1} optimum irrigation and drainage layouts; (ii) suitable basin and furrow sizes tor high water use efficiency; (iiij appropriate mechanisation, and (iv) easier system management
Land consolidation will also allow land fragmentation and landless issues to be addressed If land consolidation is neglected the potential agricultural and livelihood benefit* associated with 4 shift from faulted to irrigated agriculture arc unlikely to be realised., and inequities ui household income arc likely to increase
Ihr development of large sole irrigation for smallholder farmers is relatively new to Ethiopia with most developments in the past being for commercial estates, with two notable exceptions, the Koga and Fcntalc smallholder irrigation schemes, currmtlv under development
In this section ihe experience developing large scale smallholder irrigated agriculture at Koga and bencalc is described based on our site visits to these schemes. While technical aspects were assessed the main focus wn* on actual practice concerning Land consolidation and resettlement,
:.u
Kqp Dam                  C" l^bfrrrW 
Prtyrrf
The Koga dam project, currently under construction with support from the African
1 JcvcEopment Bink, is located in Mccha VC'nrrdi, Amhara region about 35 km southwest of Bahir Dar. The nearest town is Mcrawi. The project affects seven kcbcles Kry features of thri
smallholder irrigation development project arc:
• Project area 
I rogation area:
10,000 ha
7,200 ha
Waicnbed management area;
22.000 ha
Main dam height and length
25 tn high and XOlJO m long
Dam rrservair area:
1.000 ha
Length of main canal:
IS km
1 x"ngth of distribution canals:
Nr of affected households
].9S0km
5.000
t ’h F4 SiOlb 1&I) IX-vdupmnu (1)
19
17 Mav ]JFaM               KjtM. * ErctfM Afcanfo             dr
kthiM* .Vlr ImgMt” aW             Pri*f
Project infrastructure also includes for drainage, night storage reservoirs , on-farm works including irrigation and drainage systems and land levelling, project roads and farm access tracks, project buildings The dim and main irrigation and drainage systems arc being built by > contractor, with farmers constructing the smaller (tertiary and field) irrigation canals feeding individual parcels of land It was recognised that farmers need to know which parcel of irrigable land before construction of die tertian’ and on-farm irngation system.
1
The reservoir flooded about 1,000 ha of mostly communal grazing land No compensation was made for the loss of this grazing land llie reservoir displaced 217 households In addition
about 40 households along the main canal and some within the command area needed to be relocated.
Within the command area each farmer had on average about 3.6 irregular parcels of land scattered around the kebclc% After consolidation it is expected chat each farmer will have only one, exceptionally two, parcels of imgable land To managr all compensation and consolidation issues detailed cadastral survey’ was carried out. The process was as follows:
•      Registration to estimate and record household land parcel areas was earned our in the seven kebeles by the EPLAUA and the land administration committees (LAC) However the areas of each parcel were not measured but simply estimated by the farmers and approved by the Woreda staff and the LAC.
•      Cadastral survey by GPS was then earned out to accurately determine the areas of each fanner’s land parcels for; (i) compensation payments (if taken up by project infrastructure), and (u) for consolidation into die new field layout pattern’. The GPS survey found that, on average, farmers had under-estimated their land areas. Note tn any future project use of rectified satellite imagery could be a cost effective alternative for
plot area measurement.
•
Simultaneous with the land survey a properly registration survey was earned out,
recording present land use ind recording of al! assets that might have to be compensated
for.
• Night
planed for thr whole .eh™ but   under review. wnh only »b.«r 1.000 ha currently utth night
n
storage
’ 1. i. undentood that the GPS rune, Ntnk about J tn.r.th. f„ ngh[ , „„
u
GblM SrOlh J&D Dcvdormcr? Um.Untfjf/p
r- E«njr
Nttf JiTF^afiiM
JVA' f’uge' P^.f
Evaluation, compensation and payment comminccs were formed comprising mostly of members elected from the local community. These committee* determined the compensation payments due tn households due to lost assets such as houses and tree* and loss of earning’- (over 3 years) using current market puces. The estimated compensation amount due was submitted to the regional land administration office for approval following which funds were transfer to the project management for pinnoit to affected households.
Compensation costs were estimated at about l S$ 1.59 million (about I S3 6.000/ HI I. and
r
covered, payment for houses / tnkul homestead* and idled trees/ crops.
No compensation was made for land consolidation and (the small) reduction in land holding
sizes required tn provide bind for displaced households and for infrastructure land take. To
allow for this the existing land user rights of beneficiaries in the command area was reduced by
20% and land exchanges carried out
Beneficiaries were initially suspicious of the project and feared that the land would be taken and handed aver io private investors. However with initiation of construction works and pavmenT
of compensation more positive engagement is being initnted-
()bscrvauon* concerning the resettlement and land consobdauon process ire listed below:
•      Accurate cadastral and property surveys arc essential to define lhe ncr irrigable command area to he farmed hr each household, and to inform both compensation payments and land consolidation (land exchange) These surveys must be earned out before
construction of infrastructure and take several month*.
•      To the exlmt possible fragmentation of holdings is being addressed by voluntary
exchange of land between households. The aim is io for each household to have either
one, nr at most two holdings / parcels of irrigable land.
•        The  maximum  Land  pared  per  household  was not  fixed,  but  the  minimum adopird was 0  06  ha/HH.  Those  farmers  with  the  minimum  irrigated  holding  are  expected  io  group together to farm their land
•      Households tn the project krbeks whose landholdings do not fall in the net command area may be allocated tmgable plots as approved by die beneficiary committee.
•      1 louKchokls that do not irrigate their holdings tor two consecutive years should lose their user nglits to that land
•      The land distribution. exchange and consolidation process proceeded without conflict due to close cons ultatjrin and involvement of the local community Ln the planning and implementation process Awareness creation of the process and the project was an important feature of the process.
L b 1 '4 Sri 11 b      DeVetijpmEfl I (1 j
21
17-May-llR?M.
£rfa0aM A’*>                   Dni^t Pf?**
2.33         lw/nJt Irriptin Pryrf
(a) Introduction
<*£*^
1
ITic- Fentale imganon project is located in Oromia Regional State. East Shoa Administrative
Zone. Bosat and Fentale districts. Il is being developed by the Oro mi a W ater Resources Bureau and amis to develop 18,130 ha of land mostly north-west of Mount Female.
Water is dnertrd from the Awash River between the Merti-Jrju and Abadir offtakes and supplies the command area by a 49 km long main canal passing through Kawa kebclc The design discharge of the main canal at the headworks is 18 m /*
Originally fanners in Kawa kebelc were not project beneficiaries as their land was out of command However about 1,000 ha of pumped irrigation was subsequently phoned for these farmers.
Hie project expects to transform the livclihcxxis of local communities and pastoralists from predominantly one of livestock rearing to irrigated agriculture of a range of crops, including fodder, supplemented by livestock. The canal system will include watering facilities tor livestock.
< loginally substantial sugarcane cultivation was planned with out-growers selling cane to the Metahara sugar factory Currently maizr is the dominant crop and there is little interest in sugarcane cropping
The command area is highly fragmented dur to land suitability constraints, and large areas are left for livestock grazing
Project features include
•      Irrigation infrastructure including a diversion weir on Awash river, pumping station. main, primary, secondary and tertian canals and associated structures.
•     Ternary’ canals commanding 20-23 ha units, and smaller field channels commanding 3-6
ha.
•      The num and secondary canal systems arc managed by the Oromiya waterworks construction enterprise which employs 15 gate / system operators.
•     Tertiary and field channels are managed by the benefiaarv communities, who elect water committees for tertian’ level water distribution and management. Thrft or abuse of water is punished by a fine of I^TB 800.
•      Beneficiaries arc expected to pay for watrr used, likely to be about EFB 20,000/ha per
yew.
Uh F4 SrOIb IAcD Devrlcipmcm (1)
22F^ru. fWw
A'^
ifE/Ars/vj. Afar/p) ^tfWfreMumjr JH'!-/ PftfrfeB* Ptowf
(b)            Project Infrastructure
'Pic diversion weir is designed for ai 1:50 year flood 2nd has four under-duice gates each 2. .* m wide To reduce sdt draw the under-sluice gates errst levels ire set I 4  m lower than the intake gate crest level The weir length is I2H m.
Hie 49 km long Main canal (42 km to the main asphalt road tram Addis Ababa to }larar) has a
design rapacity of 18 mV$. Much of its length is aligned through trachired / solid out-cropped
lav* until substantial lengths in cut Must the miin canal is unliricd. though there is about 8 km
of lining composing a plague membrane protccied by gabion 1 where the canal passes though
gravelly soils For rhe major drops pipes are used
Along  the  main  canal  gabion  drop  structures  werr  provided  However  ihrsc  proved  vulnerable to damage and some have failed. Remedial works include lining of the gabion drops
It  was  observed  that  construction  quality  declines  considerably  downstream  for  the  smalirr canals and structures.
Figure 2-7: Diversion weir (left)  main canal cut section (right), main canal lined section
T
(bottom left), pipe drop (below right)
Five of the secondary canals are linrd with geo membrane However due to inadequate protection these are vulnerable to rips from livestock / farmers entering the canal prism. The other secondary canals comprise huned PVC pipes. Depending on the design dischai^e one or ran PVC pipes are used The PVC pipes were manufactuied on site and have a diameter of 4(XJ io 600 mm
t-h E ‘4 SrOJb IflcD I IniYlrcpmen t i'l}
17-Xby 11Efatpid* *\7it Pngitf/W L)fjtft.t^f Prtyf-i
The tertiary canals comprise a singlr 400 mm diameter PVC pipe with manholes at intervals to provide water to lay-flat tubing and held (furrow) irrigation However to date lay-flat tubing not been provided and farmers are distributing water using earthen field canals
Figure 2-8: Main canal washed out gabion drop (left) & geo-membrane lined secondary
(c)            Development area*
The protect has been divided into three development stages as described below. To date stages I and II have been completed
(i) Stage I Development area
A feasibility study for the stage 1 area was undertaken by the Metehara Sugar Estate to extend the canr cropped area. However die scope of the protect was changed and expanded following resistance from local communities to become primarily an irrigation scheme for smallholders.
The stage 1 area comprises: (i) Kawi, and (if: Buka-Dire.
ITie Kawa area is in East Shoa Zone Bosat District, serves two kebele’s and has an irrigable irrj of about 930 ha The land is oul of command and is served by iwo pumping stations operating 24 hours a day and pumping water into night storage reservoirs. The pumping Manons are electric and have standby generators
The Birka Due area is in East Shoa Zone, Female District, senes three kcbeles and ha* an irrigable area of 2*200 ha The command is gravity supplied th rough two primary ranak
Stage I became operational in 2008, and a range of crops are being cultivated, including maize and vegetables.
(u) Stage 11 and HI Development areas
The stage 11 A- 111 development areas are in East Shoa Zone, Female District and have an ungable area of about 15,000 ha
(d)
I -and
acquisition, consolidation and
resettlement
To rite.
Ln
d
, Commln„ „
ttinu1,l,nl~
.„d dd„,.
lhe
Lib F-4 SfO1b lArD Di \rJopmcni (J)
24PMbnr/
K/ftrM’ of
ftfapuff M* !*&»" "*
.Urwm V'^fr (*E«T Pn>«T
ihr DAs wai formed. The tnuiaJ task of this Committee was to evaluate current legal Land holdings of households in the command area, identify* the number of landless households, and also the number of male family members aged IB and above in each household
The Ornmia regional govemmenr’s proclamation is for 0 5 ha of urigabk land io be allocated
per household- F lowever after discussions with the local community, the Committee decided to allocate land as followed'
•      Basic enndemenr 0.75 ha/HF I
•      Additional entitlement lor each adult male over 18 year* of 1,1 household 0.5 ha
/ adult male
•      Additional entitlement for each adult female over 18 years of age m rhe household
0.25 ha / adult female
landless community members were allocated 0.5 ha-0 "5 ha / 1IH.
Fbr much of the command the absence of individual land user rights within the pastoralist community made allocations relatively easy, with no need tor detailed cadastral and land parcel surveys.
As part of the land suitability surveys potential settlements areas were identified.
(e)           Land development
1-arid development of the *tage I area, including bush clranng and minor land levelling, was carried out tn pan bv the contractor, the Oromo Water Works Construction Enterprise, and
also by the Oromia Water Resource Bureau and the Mctchara Sugar Enterprise who provided
Li actors for land prepuation.
(f)           Scheme Management and Cost Recovery
The institutions established for scheme management compnscs the Department of Scheme Management, Cost Recovery  and Community  Mobilisation managed bv  the Orumia. W  ater Works CnnsunjctioD Enterprise. The Department has two divisions:
•      Schemr management division
•      Cost recovery and community mohilination division
Thr Scheme management division is responsible for the main imgation system including the Main, Primary, Secondary and Tertiary canals and the pumping stations The division hires operational staff including gate and pump station operators.
On farm irrigation is managed by the Water User Associations
The Cost Recovery and Community mobilisation division is responsible for collection of wa ter fees from farmer beneficiaries. Hie tee is based on lrngaucu farm size and is currently KJ71 5.000 per 0.75 ha plot per season.
’ b MSfOtb l4kl) bcveliFprnrnt Q)
25
17-May-11lydrrji
Mimrtn 9t |> cu Bwnp-
h/*vD/<u<T Nt it bn&ttM avf DnaNap Pnpfrt
24 General Conclusions
24 1         Imutton DnvMfWHttf Pmw and Snrlainablt O&M
The proposed Upper Beks irrigation scheme is complex invoking both commercial (sugarcane) estate development, in which rhe country has a proven successful track record, and large scale smallholder managed irrigation development where the country’s track record remains to be proven.
The proposed imgalion scheme may fail to realise its potential if planners do not absorb
lessons from previous irrigation developments, both within Ethiopia and abroad
(a)          Mastering the Irrigation Development Process
Therr appears to be lack of awareness, interest and capaciry to master the complete irrigation process from inception to sustainable O&M. Failure to do so will result in partial / complete failure of the scheme Key steps in the process include:
•      Identification of a feasible scheme which has the broad acceptance of all stakeholders, both the commercial Irasc holders as well as smallholder fanners expected tn due tune to take over scheme O&M;
•      Adoption of a suitable layout and appropriate infrastructure that enables efficient irrigation and achievement of potential crop yields and yet docs not impose complex operation or maintenance that may be beyond the ability of lhe smallholders;
•      Attention to non technical aspects including institutional capacity and interest of commercial leaseholders and smallholder farmers, resettlement and land consolidation, and system operanon and maintenance arrangements.
•     Quality construction; and
•     Support services including agricultural extension, water management and for (WkM.
(b)          Scheme lavout and Choice of Irrigation Infrastructure
Appropriate scheme layout and choice of irrigation infrastructure arc informed by (i) phvsical characteristics of the scheme area, particularly topography, land slopes and soils, fa) by the characiensucs of the end users; and i ni) by the proposed vision for system operation including operation objectives
For example pressure (sprinkler) irrigation has clear advantages over surface methods for broken, sloping land with shallow’, light soils However smallholders may be unable to manage irs maintenance including raising foreign exchange for spare parts.
Whether surface or pressure (sprinkler) irrigation is adopted, the provided flow’ control and measurement infrastructure should facilitate high waler use efficiency and equitable distribution, and be easy to manage and maintain
Provision of night storage reservoirs shouJd be considered and justified on lhe basts of improved water use efficiency expected.
Ub i*4 SrOlb l&D Development (I)
26E/An^tf* iVtfr
.WiwM (TITfl»r<> fiiwip trn^ Drnartjff ftmtf
(c)            Awareness and Consensus ntStake holders
Particularly for smallholder managed irrigation huikiing awareness and consensus to rhe development should start it the planning and feasibility study stage. Water user associations lor scheme O&M based on hydraulic umrs should be formed early on in the construction phase and gradually strengthened They* should be charged and facabiatcd to undertake labour intcnsfvr tertian- / on-farm development during construction as part nf capacity budding.
(d; Resettlement and Land ConsobdaDon
Government proclamations and guidelines allow considerable leeway and appropriate resettlement, land consolidation, exchange and compensation modalities will vary for each new irrigation development.
Within Upper Beks large scale commcrcijd (sugarcane) irrigation is to be introduced and re settlement of affected smallholders is required It is anticipated that smallholder (currently rainfed) plot sizes will reduce, but that smallholder incomes will substantially increase as imgation enables double cropping as well as from expected yield increases.
Efficient irrigation will require land consolidation to address Irigmmted land holdings, the Landless, irregular held lavouts and non-optimum field sizes.
Land consolidation will therefore be pm of the overall resettlement process for I ppet Boles and objectives will include (1) reduced fragmentation of land holdings; (n) guarding against an increase in inequitable fanner income by more equitable (imgabk) land holdings (ic the land holdings of the IJJi households would be reduced and the landless would be allocated a small (minimal) irrigated holding); (in) adoption of rectangular layouts and optimum field sizes ro enable high water use efficiency with simple system operation and to facilitate mechanisation.
(ej Agricultural Support and Sustainable O&M
Cooperatives centred on village administrative units are likely to be rhe appropriate institution for agricultural extension and other support services. I lowrver the duties and mlr* of \XUAs and cooperatives need to be dearly defined and disseminated to beneficiaries. Further the legal basis of WUAs needs to be established with appropriate legislation
Even with WUA capacity budding and support, main system (JAM is likely to need a professional institution for its operatKin and maintenance for some years after construction of the scheme Options include: (i) a Build-Operatc Transfer arrangement; (ii) appointment of a main system operator totally separate from the construe nun contractor; and fiii) O&M bv a public institution such as ihr concerned RBO or regional water works design /construction
lb F4SrOlb I AD Dcvdopmrnt (I)
27
17 May HMml iWtt Wit
ElfaptM Nllt Imhifion ttd Dvtw Pnjttl
MttifT) tf ITrtrr £*• EMfp
fb F4 SrOlb l&D Development (1)
28rrvr^i Pwxi'
E/hfifij* Stir AJT0xfl»«
Afjiwtfrj Prw-,!*
<*-
3
JJ
PROJECT AREA CHARACTERISTICS
Tnpogr*pty J/T^ /-jjW Sfoprir
The  Project  Ar«  comprises  rhe  upper  catchments  of  the  Main  Bda  (also  called  the  Fnar  Belts) ind the Abai Bdes, and their tributaries, with land elevations lying between 1,000 masl and
1,350 tnasl. Figure 3-6-
The Main or Enat Beks river originates from (he face of an escarpment in rhe high mountain range at about 2,250 mad separating the hnat Belts basin on the west side from T ake I ana. Ihc Enat Beks begins where the tributaries nf the Ksosan and fehuia rivers join, whereby the
latter receives flow from thr outlet tunnel of Tana-Beles hydropower scheme draining Lake Tana- The Abat Bdes ns mg in rhe east has created its own alluvial Ian. and joins the Enn Bdes in rhe middle of the Study Area.
Figure 5-1: Chanko river (lop left}. View of Dcrebay plain (top HRhl), cropping upwreim of Fendika (bottom left) and in Werk Mrda plain (bottom righi)
Downstream of rough surfaced upper fan areas, both rivers have set down classic middle reach alluvia] fan areas, the Abac Bdes represented by the \Xerk Meda Plain (to the south of the puin I Ridge land form], and lhe Enat Bdes by the Dcrebay Plain. These dominant morphological
"plain" features intersect at approximately latitude 11 26\ i.e. at the confluence of the rwo
-
rivers
Superimposed on this underlying morphology arc numerous tributary nvcis w4iich cross and dissect lhe major fans, creating second-order tnorphohgjcal features represented by incised valleys, and gentle through to steeply undulating land-forms Unsurprisingly, the shorter and
LHa MSrOlh t&Il Di'vrliipmrtK (I)
29
17 May 11yEriwpu Mtm/ry ofTufrr <* E*f& EfhrofMt Nik lm*itt" mJ rhuwg Pnf*1
steeper rivers in the north east have created steeper and more disserted terrain than have the rivers m die north western part of the area
In the lower part of the project area which is broadh south of the Keteb River and downstream to Gilgel Bcles, the valley of the combined Erne and Abat Beles rivers has broadened and overall morphology is dominated by the valleys of the left and right bank tnbutanes l*hese, together with the tertian drainage system they have imposed, have created a generally rolling or moderately undulating terrain In summary therefore, three broad types of land form exist in the study basin:
•      Rough, incised alluvial fan areas tn the north-east (Enat Beles), and on a smaller scale in the far east (Abat Bcles);
•     Broad, plain areas of land in the north-west (the Derebay plain/ and central pan (VCerk Meda plain); and
•      Narrow ndge topography in the southern areas
Existing land slopes bv SDA foe the Project Area are tabulated below* Table 3-1: l^and Slopes by Stage Development Area (SPA)
Stage DcvcL
Area
Area in each slope class (ba)
Total
0-2
>2-3
>3-6
>6-8
>8-12
>12
(ha)
%
u
IB E
IB-W
IBS
in
4.446
5,471
5,526
530
1.681
3,105
1,702
1.751
645
2,679
3.631
1,062
1,291
989
6,505
Right Bank
%
17,654
13%
9.882
7%
13,479
10%
832
172
192
221
1,111
2,527
2%
653
149
131
144
517
1394
1%
415              13.082 111                 8,667
144                9,035
64                2.593
194              12,686
928              46,063 1%                33%
9J,
6S
9J
33 J)
IVA
IVBE(N)
IVBE(S)
m Phase 1
TVBW-Phaie 2
1,191
541
519
1.290
896
1.595 9.731 2,416 9356
579               4.850 193              4355
78 1             3.180
aS
3-SJ 3.23 2J%
TVBW-Phase 3
IVON
1VC-E
1VC-S
1,340
867
603
1,068
743
1.5M
5,169
1.228
1.242
1.132
729
269
198
351
155               6.035
599]         23.056
388 1            8.187
282 ]          10323
V-N
1.515
9,550
798
2,153
516
600
201
19,772
14%
1.847
787
493
3.209
3,239
1.769
4289
1.131
4211
5,654
3.920
4,527
3,345
729
1,154
1,161
651
245
1J4
219
918
693
589
794
325 j            7,018
V-W
vs
Left bank
•/•
57 [
4242
353
16,083
12%
1.720
32,743
24%
1.166
1.159
1.125
1,252
220
777
9,620
7%
143
401
7,101
5%
108 J            3,560
6,774 |           92,093
44%
167%
5.9%
7.6*
5.1%
13%’
Z6^
66.7*'
5% |             67%
Total
%
37.426
27%
25,965
19%
46,222
12.147
33%
9%
8,694
6%
7,7O2j         138,157 6% |            100%
100.0%
• Und dnpe. .b, Smd, Arc „ B7.626 lu .
1 ’b P4 SrOlb l&D Devdoptncnr (] I
f(< rumpfc
li jFjhntfifin Nf& /fflqjdAs# flw.-f P,nuie«e B’WM
The Project Area extends over 138,157 ha and its boundaries were determined bv die planned alignments of the Left and Right bank Main cm*l> (we Chapter 1). The land slope map. see Figure 3-7, clearly show the plain (flat) land in the Derrbav (SDA IB) and Werk Meda plains (5 DA (V-CJ Overall 46% of the Project Area has land slopes less than 3%. However the Land is highly fragmented and became of this, and the extensive vertisoii and shallow soils (<0.6 m to rock;, die area suited to irrigated agriculture development is Limited (sec Secnori 3.2)-
3,2           Soi/s
3.2,7       S&JGrWf/M
In broad terms the general soil pattern is straightforward On the gently sloping stable surfaces deep, strongly wtatheredrcddish daysoils have devrlnped on the upper slopes. Exchangeable bases have hern leached from these wife, leaving an acidic matrix m which residual iron imparts the red colouration Downilope, under the warm and alternating we I-dry climate the bases have svnlhrsised with silica In form montrnoriBonittc clay. These deep cricking clays (Vertisr»k) occupy stable lower (relative to the red soils) topographic positions.
The parent material for these soils is primarily die alluvial / colluvial veneer overlying the solid geology although (he reddish clays and Vcmsols can develop m-smi from basalt and bask: mctamorphir rocks
Where either headward nr surface erosion ts gradually destroying the old surfaces the red days and Verrisob have degraded The resultant soils on the erosion surfaces arc(i) shallow phases of the red days and Vertisols described above; (li) deep and moderately deep brown and dark brown days, frequently with verdc properties; and liii) very shallow and/or stony soils where erosion has exposed bedrock and/or where there are outcropping hills or ridges.
The niapr soil group* arc therefore:
•      Deep, upland red clay soils (NftiMb A . Lxrutrfj Rk
r
•      Deep Lffiuffji j ;
•      Deep and moderately deep brown and dark brown clay sods (('.antbuvb- B. Cl \ Pl;
and
•      Shallow and very shallow soils (< 1.0 m deep), Lrtfoj^.and including shallow Vertisols.
Additionally. alluvial soils (Ltattai) arc of ven’ minor cm lent. There arc no extensive tracts of deep, fertile, flood free alluvium. Valley sides are steeply sloping and usually have shallow soils. Valley floors arc narrow, flood regularly, and contain a complex of alluvial soils.
LbMSrfllh 1&|) Devdofwncnf fl)
31
17 May-11Fnkral                  Rf-Mr ofE/hofua. Mimit? tf Wat" & L wy I Zthitfin \>k ImgutM* itfd Drainer Pryti?
3.2.2        Soib an J Tof»fr^h\
Table* 3-2 and Table 3-3 give the soil composition of the various slope and topography classes Both tables death show that the flatter land is covered predominantly with Vertisols
Vertisols and red days together cover 85% to 90% of the flat land and. on average, about "0% of the undulating land On slopes above 8C o (rolling land) the brown clays and shallow sods are far more common
Table 3-2: Soil composition of varioui dope ebsaes
Slope data, %
Red clay
Brown clay
Vcrtiiola
Shallow soils
rotaJ
0-3
16
6
69
9
100
31-8
17
9
46
28
100
8.1-12
7
17
27
49
too
12 .1 - 20
4
8
16
71
too
20.1-45
2
0
10
88
V®
AU slopes
15
7
58
20
100 |
Table 3-3: Soil compoiiition of various topography clashes
Brown day
Topography
Red clay
Vemwli
Shallow tods
totJ
Hit (0-3%)
11
4
79
5
100
I'ndulating (4—8%)
27
6
so
17
100
Rolling (9-16%)
9
17
28
46
100
Broken, dissected
14
10
43
32
100
Other
1
4
9
86
100
All land
18
7
54
20
100
As slopes increase and topography becomes steeper the occurrence of shallow soils increases significantly. On slopes greater than 8%. shallow soils are the dominant group, almost half of rhe soils described on these slopes arc shallow*.
Vb 1*4 SrOlb IAcD Drvcktpmair (BW     r*- E-jy
1
rf  rf P’WflV P'*** Xf/Any^M  jV> /w^w  *
j 2 J Soilr a*d faJUMwi
1
Table 3-4 and Figure 3 3 shew the range and average (in bracket?) of infiltration test r< * is <» all soils except Vertisols .
Most site tests on vertisols have link meaning. When dry. infiltration rates arc tery rapid until the soil swells and cracks seal, after which infiltration is virtually nd- Irpg*tion practices tor cracking vertisols is therefore to continue irrigation until the cracks seal and then to stop Irrigation of vertisols is discussed in Section 4.5 2-
Table 3-4:
Soil type
bumflun* or lanrrrannn mciiinrnKni-
Summaiy Description
InJiltratk range
in. cm/hr
average
*1 -- ----- N
Xiiosdi - deep, dark reddish day toils
3.2- r 5
Vi.8
R1
2.0- 19.3
12.3
:  Luvbols — deep rcddiih ckr. hmJs
R2
0 5-1.1
0.8
CV
2.5- 158
10.9
P
Cambnois - deep, dark brown davs
13.1-16.6
14.9
B
tU.1-18"
15.1
F2
HuviauJs
4.4-73
50
1 Refer SK-02A: SmhJi, l-induse in J SuMabthn l- ! t> I * 4 SiflI b l&J > I Jevriopcnltj ; I)
33
17-xXfay 11Vdffu! Prwtm.
cthwbtM Nik Impfio* ~d Dr*** Pf^1
X e- E^
The overall range of results is large, from a slow 0.5 cm/hx to a rapid 19.3 cm/hr The overafl
average infiltration rate (or the red clays (N, R1 and R2) is a moderately rapid 10.6 cm/hr.
the Ctmbisols (CV. P and B) the average infiltration rate is a rapid 12.9 cm/hr.
Given the high clay contents of these soils the moderately rapid infiltration rates appeared
rather surprising. Reason? may include (i) lack of adequate pre-wet ting (though the infiltration
curves all show an convergence); (ii) irregular wetting effects, for example along a crack or ho^
giving an unrepresentative high measurement; and (iii) use of quite clear water. Other possible
explanations include low initial moisture content and good top soil structure and friability
where soils arc eulnved under runfed consitions.
Infiltration rates up to about 15.0 cm/hr are regarded as suitable (albeit very marginally so at
rates greater than about 10 cm/hr) for surface irrigation of most crops except nee. Ratrs above
this arc generally considered to be too high for successful surface irrigation However with then
high clay content most of the sods may be puddled to slow down infiltration Further under
extensive irrigation with sill laden water infiltration rates are likelv to decline and be somewhat
lower than indicated by the test results
AU the infiltration rates are suitable for pressure irrigation
J J           Land Suitability
J. 5 /        Land Statabibt) Chuifuulrcn
Land suitability for irrigation under the various I .and Utilisation Types (ic surface / pressure
irrigation and smallholder / commercial, refer Section 1.3) depends primarily on slope and sod
tvpc. The adopted land suitability classification u tabulated below in Table 3-7.
Surface irrigation is considered viable on slopes up io 8% (vertisols), and 12% (red sods) sub|cct
to terracing and appropriate drainage, soil and water conservation measures.
I-and considered permanently unsuitable for irrigation (ic N2 category map) his one or more of
(he following limitations
•      I'd) Soil depth <0.6 m & slope >8% (non-vertisols);
•      (d) Sod depth <1.0 m 8c slope > 3% (vertisols).
•     (t) Slopes > 12%
•     (c) Severe erosion;
•     (£) Valin bottom with    flood risk, shallow sods, erosion and complex topography; and
•     (x) land hiving complex, erodiblc   tops^jraphy including             shallow soils            and short, steep
slopes.
J, 3.2 Rrntfo nJ the Suirahility Clainfaateit
Table 5-5 shows the area for each suitability map unit and shows that the suitable and / or conditionally suttable arc. of vertisols totals 56,761 ha (41% of the Study Area;, whtlc the suitable / condinonally suitable area of non-venisoh total, just 19,265 h. (14%) Most of the vcmsoL, area has shallow slopes. 36, 657 ha (27%) has slope, less than 2%
1F4 SKI lb lad) ^evtJopokrttf fl',
Wf'i^Jjff Srk Ifnj^rfr^ J**"
flf&bepar, Mir/ty 0/ r<tfer
/ Jn»./
Table 3-6 summarises die data and shows that there arc up to 74,784 in (54%) ol land suitable (S2 or S3) or conditionally suitable (N1) for surface irrigation with the Study Area of 13 ,626 ha, depending on the LUT selected.
For sprinkler irrigation there are up to 76,026 ha (55%) of land suitable or conditio ria 11 i suitable, again depending on the LUT selected
While on average 54-55% of the Study area suitable for irrigation. die proportion varies tor each stage development area The land suitability map, *hown on Figure 3-9. shows that rhe higher proportions of suitable irrigable land is cm the right bank, particularly to the south of Fendika on the Derebay plain On the left bank die suitable land lies largely west of Work Mrda on (he Weik Meda plain. In SDA V in the south of the study (& project) area the suitable land is highly fragmented, lying along ridges between the rivers
Tl able 3J- -5:-JE, xtent of land miubiliry cLusicb and an be haw es fnt Srudy Area _ Suitability data, aubcUas
Map
unit           Skipc.%
Soil type
LUT I
LUT 3
LUT 2
LUT 4
LUT 6
LUTS
Ha
%
Suffice
irrigation
Sprinkler
irrigation
lv
11-2
S3wv
S2w
S3w
S2wv
36,756
27
2v
2.1 -3.0
S3rv
Sir*
9,021
“if
3t
3.1 -6.0
3 ertucilv
VP1 VP2 VP3
Nit
(S5tv)
S2tv
Nit
(SJtv)
S3tv
9,637
7
4v
6.1 -8.0
S3tv
495
<l
5v
VHl VI £2
\T (on ikjpe* <
3% only)
N2t
8.0 12.0
N2t
Nir
(S3tv)
Nit
(S3tv)
175
<1
Nle(v)
0-8
Nle
Me
Nle
Nle
657
<1
Sub-total ;
56.761
41
lr
0-2
S2s
S2»
S2i
S2»
8.789
6
2r
2.1 - 3.0
S3i
S3t
S3t
3,771
3
3r
3.1 - 6.U
Nina uh, LixlsdIs,
Ganahnsois
Nit
(S3l)
Sir
S2st
4,583
3
4r
61-8.0
N Rl R2CV
Nit
(S3t)
269
<I
PB
N2r
Sr
8.0- 12.0
Nit
(S3t)
Nit
(S3r)
303
< 1 1
N1e(r)
0-K
Nle
Me
Nle
Nle
1J50
1
Sub-fatal i
19,265
14
N2
> 12
Ll — 1.4; Liihrn
N2
N2
N2
N2
57.515
42
Hill* :
2.760
2
Settlement ;
1.325
1
Total:
213,65221 3,652
100
UbMSnm. l&D Dnch'pmrtT : li
n.Miu iiFrdrra! Dtaoaufi.              of MivpLi. Mtmtry of IF f' rr & Eoorp Eibtofiui Ni/r Irr^noo Mii Drzwgf Pryr?
T.hU V6 Resuhs of the land suitability aasewneat----------------------------------------------------------------
Surface irrigation
Sprinkler irrigation
Suitability data
Vertiaob
Noo-Vcrfifcoh
Vertisob
No n’Vcni»o|
Suitable (S2 or S3)
45.777
12360
55.929
i’,412
Conditionally suitable (N1) sod conservation required
10314
6.133
832
1,853
Total:
56,091
18,693
56.761
19,265
74,784 (54%)
76,026 (55%)
Ub WSKttblADDnriojmat I
yFtdfM / 'WMirtV Rjpwtf.' tf\frntitn j,  If"jrer fT Eiwji
r
NiJr Jmfut/M J*d Dratftdgie Pryn-f
Tabic 3-7j Land sui lability cbwificatioii, Upper Befca
Map
unit
Soil
Slope %
Soil / Land limitations
LUT1
luti
LOT 2 1
LUT 4
LUT 6
LUT 5
Suitable land
VrrtMola: cracking dap, impcrmcaNr when wet and vrry hard when dry.
surface suitability clfl
prenuxe
a«, subclass
lv
Moderately deep to deep:
> 0 6m to rock-
VPl XT2 VP3 MH VH2
VE
0-2
Land swtahlr for surface or pressure irrigation. Good surface drainage u essential to dis pose of execs i irrigation and wet iwon tluoding, both for cropping and Inching, o< rhe range of crops (especially those growing through die wet iratnn, eg sugarcane) will be restricied and productivity reduced.
SJwv
1
S2wv
S3wv
S2wv
f
2v
2.1-30
land marginally suitable for surface Lrflgnltori. Slopes will dlcviaie potential wetness problems hut Land smoothing and / or short furrows may be required
—
S3 tv
S3rv
Sitv
S2tv 1
3v
1.1 -6.0
Suillbk for surber irrigation only on long dopes and with broad, gentk tciracing and sloping risen With sprinkler irrigation great care is needed with surlacc drainage to avoid serious soil erosion and basic mil conservation measures arc required to control runoff
Nit
CS3tv)
Nit
(S3rv)
Sitv
S2tv
4v
Deep > 1 Ikn (□ rock
VPl VPl VP3 VIII VH2
6.1-8.0
Suitable for mrfacc lrngatiun only on long slope* and with broad, gentle terracing and Long sloping risers which mini be planted to trees, and
grits/shrubs for tut-and-carrv fodder. With sprinkler imgathui grew cue is needed with surface drainage ro avoid irrw soil ervwon and Mgrufkant soil conservation measure i ire required ro control run-off Conservation will reduce
held sues.
Nit
(S3tv)
N2t
Sitv
SJtv
8.1 - 120
5v
Suitable only fur sprinkler irrigation. Great care is needed with surface drainage to avoid serious soil erosion and intensive soil cotucrvation meisutts *ie required to control runoff. Ccjnsercrtiun may grady reduce field sizes.
N2r
N2t
Nit
(S3n)
Nil
(53tv)
Red, brown toib (Niriiola, Lixiaoh, Cambuob} permeable, clayey; well to imperfectly drained; low to moderate fertility.
It
0-2
Land   suitable   for   surface   or   pressure   urigaDon.   Ixw   to    moderate   fertditv   is   the only serious limitation.
S2s
S2i
| S2s
1
1|
1
2r
11-30
land marginally tunable for surface irrigation. Slopes may demand land smoothing and / or short furrows.
Sir
S3r
Sit
| Sir
1
3r
ModcTATdy deep (*j deep
> (1.6m to rock-
3 1 - 60
-
Suitable for surface irrigation only with broad Terraces. WirTi sprinkler irrigation cure is needed with surface drainage to avoid serious soil erosion and basic soil conservation measures to control runoff arc required
Nir
(53c)
Nir
(53t)
Sir
1 bZst |
I
I
Ub H SrOlb !&i> I )rvclripmrnt I
3?
r-May 11HrdrrnZ Dfwetvuftr •/ lirhttpij Mwti) af'VFjter Eitffg
Efbraf^aa j\7.V Irnjjftw M-i i)nn.^f Pnywf
Map
unit
Soil
Slope %
Soil / land limitation*
LUT!
LUT 3
LUT 2
LUT 4
LUT 6
LUT 5
N R1 R2 CV P R
4r
6.1 - KO
Suitable for surface tmgation only with significant terracing resulting in small
fields, suitable only  for smallholder farming  With sprinkler irrigation great care is needed uith surface drainage to  avoid serious soil erosion and significant soil conservation measures arc required tn control runoff.
1
Nit
(S3t)
N2t
S3t
S2st
' Sr
LXip > 1.0m to tuck
N HI R2 CV P B
8.t - 12.0
SuitaNe for surface irrigation only with intensive bench terracing producing ven narrow fields; suitable only for smallholder farming. With sprinkler trngation great care n needed with surface drainage to avoid serious toil erosion and intensive soil conservation measures are required to control runoff
Nit
(S3t)
N2r
Nh
Pit)
—
Nit
(S3t)
1 N1                   !-and currently unsuitable foe all LUTs
1 NU
I
Any
0-12
Undulating  and rolling  land with sufficiently  deep soils but with significant arras that are moderately  eroded and require reclamation and conservation measures prior to any irrigation development
Alter reclamation: If — Sr and 1 v — Sv
(as above)
N2             l-and permanently um tut able for all LUTs
* -A*  basing soil depth < 0 6m or < 10m if dopes are >«% (non-vertisols) or >3% (vertisols)
Land basing slopes > 12%
■--------------
—
Land having severe erosion
' alley bottom land with flood risk Ahn */- shallow soils, erosion, complex topography
— —_____  "*     ”  g complex, credible topography including jhillow soils ind short steep slopes
I      nd h  nnf
Afrwfl, t^’ITj/rr    .,
wrj
Fi/Zrafwu* Nji lrrypt*9 aitti
P^f.-f
j 4              Exjfifjng Land Us* / Land Cover
*11ie distribution of the various land cover ind land me categories is shown on the I anti L sc and I .and Cover Map, Figure 3-10. and summarised below lor rhe Project Area
L 41JIC                          l-T.,".- l^l. |t,                     1UW V—-                                 * Cacrgnrv
D’ornirtaoi composition, p   h;i
cr
Area (ha)
% of total
IjjirLCxjYer
G1          < >pen grassland
Tm^ Ns
0
1 <5
Grau, %
>50
3 "90
3
G2         Grattbnd; son cred trres
r <5
> 5U
18/60
13
G3          Grassland. scattered tree*. ihrub*
< 10
< 25
> 50
5.132
1
G« Shrub gra island
< 1(1
> 25
>50
(•64
<1 '
Gw Wooded grassland
W- 35
na
>50
23.401
17
Sub-lol al
51,447
37
W Woodland
> 35
< 25
na
16,02"
12
Wo Open wuodland
10      35
<25
na
2,399
2
-.----------- -------------------------— — VFi         Shrub wrwtdland
10-35*
> 25
no
10/23
7
Sub-lota! ,
28,749
21
F           Riverine forest
Dense shrubs, trees Grassland
rerenir-e*
6,928
5
U(J Unclassified
Mu rd
4.694
3
Land Uite
S          smallholder runted farming (include* scattered buddings)
42,459
31
•          Snuilhuldcr irrtgaied tatmi I'roo small to delineate)
108
<1
M Mechanised minfed farming
535
<1
H         Hamler (a loose duster nf houses scattered within runfrd farmland)
1,344
1
V          Villages and lmildings, (nucleated settlement)
1/1B
1
E Eucafcprus (+/- Ac*o») plmtirion
575
<1
R          Reservoir (water supply)
Tool Project Area :
138,157
100
About 51,44 fc ha (37% of the Project Area) is under grassland of various types, and 28.749 ha (21%) under woodland. Riverine forest along overs, streams and gullies takes up 6,928 ha (5%).
The dominant land use is small scak tainted farming extruding over about 44/59 ha (31%) and concentrated around the settlement areas of Fendika, Werk Mrda and Pawe.
IjjiJ  use  /  laud  ewer  wuk  kfctcmnwcJ  fut  the  Stud)  Area  (137,626  hi}  by  fidd  survm  unj  i<  given  in  Sad.  Ijind  i;*c  A Suitability report. their data are presented Iiht by SDA hw the I’rtifrct Area (138,157 ha; tn ad analyoi
lJb 14 SrOtb I AD lX’vdnpment ;l
17-Mm liI
AfrtwA) *',r**'r
Fthtcfw Silt lmgjt** Dr»*t" P*rt
Settlements, villages and small hamlets / homesteads, take up 2,662 ha (2%).
Of the (rainfed) cropped land, at the actual auger (observation) points the most commonly grown crops are sorghum fp% of records), millet (16%). sesame (14%). groundnuts (H%y mger seed (10%) and maize (9%). Together with fallow bnd (14° o) these wops occupy 91% of the nunfed farming area. Soyabean and nee cover a further 5%. A wide range of other crop, were growing at the time of the sod survey but all of them to a very limited extent These crop, include teff, chickpea, finger millet, pepper*, cotton and vegetables The extent of banana and mango is extremely limited
Frequently, because smallholder fields irnd to be quite small several crops are grown in dose proximity or arc intercropped.
Although the extent of ramfed farming is similar on the Vertisols and the non Vertisols (these arc the well drained red and brown upland clay soils), it is dear that farmer preference is for the latter, rcgudlcss of sod depth. The deep (> 0.6 m) reddish upland sods are 82% cultivated and almost 40* a of ven’ shallow soils ire cultivated ()n the other hand, only 25% of Vertisols are farmed by smallholders.
Figure 5-4: Grats land / woodland in SDA IB (top right), Overgrazed land near Fendika (lop right), Burning of Grass in SDA IB (bottom right) & soil erosion in SDA
L'b H SrC'.b IA I) Drvdopmmi (])
40RfMr of tifhroftfa. Sbvffiy ^'Vju’rr <*■ Ennp
Nwr l/r&m Dmqt fWt7
\ try little agriculture is recorded in river valley* because these valleys, apart from a few small alluvial tracts, arc unattractive for r arming They remain overwhelmingly under natural vegetation.
About 37% of the existing rainfed cultivation at Upper Belts is on land considered to be unsuitable for surface irrigated farming. This land ts either steeply sloping (> 12%; > 8% for VertisoLs) eroded or with a shallow (< 0.6 m) soil Low-intensity run fed cropping ls obviously possible and farmers have moved onto these %t-rwk” lands but without the resources and skills to apply the conservation measures needed to alleviate pnimtui damage fhere is widespread evidence of soil loss and degradation in rhese area*
Existing land use has also been determined within each si age development area (SDA) and are tabulated below for the right bank (Table* 3-5) and left bank (T able 3-10). These data were deirrrruned from the field survey of land use / land cover" and disaggregated by SDA and also whether (1) within the proposed irrigation command am; (it) outside the proposed tmgablr command area, and (iii) within the proposed riverine environmental corridor (REC).
Note, the proposed lmgablr command area wax determined from considerations of Land suitability and topography and delineated as described in Chaplets 5 and 6.
Lor the Right bank area of 46,062 ha, rainfrd crop areas including hamlets and settlements extends over 14,363 ha (31.2%), mostly around Fendika (SDA LA) and in the south (SDA 111). Grassland extends over 20,922 ha (45-4%) and dominates Land cover/use in SDA IB (the Drrebay plain south of Fcndika). Woodland and riverine forest covers 8.078 ha (17 5%) and 2*077 ba (4.5%) respectively and are found largely alt nig rivers.
Kcfw Sni], ljtnd tl^ An4j Suiiahdity repm ObMSrtilh liD Drvdopmw i.lj
41
17-May-nI r+rvl                  VjfM. fi! Eihtopu. Mtwtn tfT^tr & Ff^
FthiapM Niif Im&lr* jim Pnnitjgr W
Table 3-9: Exh ting Land Ute / Cover by SPA: Right Bank
SDA
Item
fll '
ill
** p-
•sf
ip
f1 J
1-
y
8
*u
i
Is
u »•
V
3E
4£
11
1
•u
Tc^
F
IA
Irrigate -Arras Non Irrigable Arras
0
69
35
65
15
1,545”
318
REC
398
3.266
1,014
406
0
3,698
1.642
410
204
Sub-total
0
501
4,685
0
80
5,75!
2,065
IBE
Imgablc Areas Non Imgablc .kreas
0
REC
4.531
326
232
Sub-total
0
59
12
221
292
0
5,089
0
133
4
137
1,185
185
49
1,419
1.514
160
56
1.730
Is
u?
IB W
Imgablc Areas Non Impbie Areas
REC
0
75
22
256
5.697
206
166
0
0
Sub-total
0
332
6,069
0
0
903
2**?
124
1,305
934
282
93
1309
*75
IBS
Impble Areas
Non Irngable Arras
REC
Sub-lota)
0
0
12
8
141
161
1.000
291
149
1,439
0
0
0
0
272
142
84
498
327
134
34
494
ulj
41
III
Irngable Areas Non Impble Arras
REC
145
5
2.855
497
Sub-total
6
157
169
86
516
771
287
3,639
5
r
5
27
1
0
222
4,345
747
298
5390
1,753
527
200
2,480
9,<j
uu
1241
Total
157
03%
2,077
4.5%
20,922
454%
27
0.1%
439
1.0%
14361
31.2%
8,078
17.5%
46M
lOffi
For the much larger Left bank area of 92,092 ha. rainfed crop areas including hamlets and settlements extends over 30363 ha (33.4%) dominating land use in die central Wcrk Meda plain, area {SDA TVC-N) and also in the southern settlement areas south of Pane (SDAs IVC- E, (VC S and V).
Grassland and woodland extend over 30,526 ha (33.1%) and 20.671 Ju (22.4%) respectively and dominate land use / covet in the northern pan of the left bank project area.
Rjvennc forest along overs and screams covers 4,851 ha (5.3%).
I "b 14 StOlb I AD Development f])
-nDm *r Pr^
Table 3-10.* Exiaring Land Use Z_p£vcr ^DA: L^ftBank
Total
Irrigable area,^
Nan Irrigable Arm
REC
Total
REC
Total
Son Lrngable Areal
“REC
Total
2,372
1.930
780
5,0411
899
3,231
^j
2R1 '
_825
1.282
^579
1.169
1,626 I 1.107
33*L
4JW.
1MU
735
700
1,434
1,016
892
1,908
9J56^ __ A2,759  '*" i
2,oo?H
Irngabk- area
1,985
IVBW
Phase 1
TVBW
Phaae-2
IVBW
Phare 3
ytmjjngubk Arm______ ____
REC
747
___ TnlaJ
369
JJ01
Irngablr am
Mon Jmgibjc Areas
1J27
275
REC-
290
630
624
Total
Irrigable area
Non Irritable Areas
3,892
1,972
362
668
1.CXJ1
REC
2,011
Total
3,001
5,976
1 T277
4,958
1,483
4.009
6,035
15,256
IVC-N
857
1.30“
888
572
5,4O7
TquI
8,140
1,366
7,211
J392
6,173
23,056
Non Ji
A teas                                                                  701
2,197
1.055
4.856
1VC-E
REC
26
516
503
3
1J46 j
1.116
3,331
Total
68
534
IX
3
0
763
3443
2491
8,187j
Irrigable area
60
34
1,371
1
76
1
3,400
9fi4
5,92/j
IVCS
Non Irrigable Areas
M.
26
429
0
20
1.207
1,020
2,791
REC
3
418
245
24
0
324
793
l,mE
Total
97
479
2,045
25
95
55
4.931
2,7%
10,524
kdgaWr area
0
6
193
0
0
8
2,234
283
2.726
VN
Non Lmgsble Area!
1
36
391
0
57
1,622
550
2,657
RFC
425
202
5
633
371
1.635
Total
2
467
786
5
0
65
4,490
1,204
7.Q18
Irrigable .area
0
0
346
0
0
0
198
596
1,140
V-W
Non Lrti^bk Artas
10
148
402
127
688
RFC
135
60
134
86
414
Total
0
146
5M
0
0
0
733
809
2^42
Non Irrigable .Areas
32
442
1J58
397
2,630
V-S
REC
252
114
40S
126
930
Total
0
285
586
0
0 1
0
2,166
523
3 560
r
Totali
418
4,851
30.526
81
95
4,692
30,758
26,671
92,092"
0.5%
53%
33.1%
0,1%
0.1%
5.1%
33.4%
_ 22 4%
100.0%
Vh i-4 SrPlb l&D Drvrlopmcni (1)
43
17 Mit-1 IFnkru/ Df***M>- rffatooflA Mfwm Mtr dr E*r»p
Eflwfw \'t* ImfifM* Dmiftagr Pw*
3515
3.5.1 5.5.1
7
communities has contributed to the evoludon of different farming systems in the region in general and the project area in particular. The largely defunct T ana Boles Project’  implemented in Pawc Special \X creda between 19R6 and the early 1990s has had a lasting influence on the present cropping partem*
The most common farming practice is smallholder mixed agriculture, whereby crop cultivation is integrated with livestock husbandry, which is a strategy adopted by smallholding farmers to minimise risks of crop failure in the face of unreliable rainfall pattern.
Three farming systems can be identified
•      Smallholder cereal-based system,
•      Commercial farms, and to a ven- limited extent
•      Small-scale irrigated agriculture
Figure 3-5: Smallholder crop-livestock farming (cop right) and Abalo Agro Technical Estate in 1B/IA (top right)
The smallholder cereal-based cropping system is a mixed farming system, in which crop and livestock are produced using traditional methods at subsistence level. Crop production is under rainfed conditions using the rain* from May to Sepiembrr.
Smallholders favour the brown red luvisol soils which arc easier to cultivate and less prone to
crop* I-and preparation is by traditional ox drawn ploughs
Smallholders have more recently started moving into the less favoured vertisol areas. Here the dominant rain fed crops are sorghum, rugcr seed as well as some rice.
Tana Brie* proper (IM - carb 1990a) was an amlwonu. undcrrnlung to address food xhnrugra in Ethkpu trunked falhiwing the I9M drought The project cufllpmcd Moment o( about 70,000 p^pk ,n an area of about 190.000 ha
m    the    Held    viDcy    «»h    program,    fa    ^midtunj,    fanny    ind    Itranck    dndopmeni    support    by    cnptKWqt mtrairucnnc mcludng nud., »dbna. apicultunl .lorap mJ pucunnf; faditu-,. m
lib 1*4 Srtlb l&n DrvcJopmrat ;l)
* < .1 1jw j\7^ /m^-t
There arc a number of ousting and plumed commercial farms in the command area which hive signed land leases, rhe most notable being the lease signed with BDFC (Haber) for 1 .400 ha of sugarcane for land extending mostly over the black vertisols in development areas l-B and IV -
B
There arc gen eral small irrigation system* in the command area diverting water for irngabon from stream/ river with simple diversion weirs or by pumping The total area irrigated is very small, just a few hundred hectares. The major crops grown under small scale irrigation are vegetables mainly tomato, onion and green pepper*
(a)             Introductinn
The Investment Promotion Agency in Bahir Du reports that there is considerable demand for land corning from private investors, io which the Agency tries to respond Ideally the Agency- should be in a proactive position able to identify suitable land and then advertise for suitable investors This w apparently beyond the resources of the Agency to do
Existing small /medium scale commercial farms grow a variety of crops under rainfcd conditions including maize and sorghum and smaller areas of sesame, soybean* citrus (oranges: and ncr Most of these existing farms are quite small and have only developed a portion, of the land leased (see Section 3-5.3).
Much larger commercial ungaaon developments arc bong considered Specifically an irrigated sugar plantation extending over about 50,000 ha in Upper Belts (including Hyma) comprising about 40.000 in Amhara NRS ind about 10,000 ha in Bcnishangul-Gumuz NRS It is understood that the concerned two regional governments have agreed that the Federal Government arranges to lease of this area on their behalf, and also arrange funds for project implementation
Current government thinking is to lease ill / most of this potential commercial area within Upper Bcles (including Myrna) tn the Ethiopian Sugar Corporation (Ethiopian Sugar Development Agency).
It is envisaged that lhe lease agreements for the small and medium commercial estates will mostly be revoked, particularly as most hive not developed their lease areas. The most notable exception is the Abalo Agro Technical farm near Fcndika where seed maize is being cropped over 200 ha or more.
(here remains some uncertainty about dir status qf two lease agreement already signed for Large commercial fauns in / adjacent to the Upper Udes proper area. ‘Ihc^c are for quite large commercial sugar and cotton estates (kt Section 3.5.4) The lease areas overlapped each other and also embrace some Land already farmed by others. While it is understood that these leases will be revoked, it is possible that some smaller imgable areas may be re allocated to these estates.
1*1 > Development (I)
45
17 Mav IIVjfbSr Fjhi9f*a. MtKJfrj of Talr? & F.*rp
EtfaprM Ntit /rr^xaw tri Drwn^f Pnyrrf
The locations of the medium - large commercial farms are shown on Figure 3-11.
(b)             Land Leasing Pracuce
Leasing of land to commercial enterprises is in theory managed al three levels: (i) at woreda level for areas up to about 10 ha; fli) by the Regional Investment Promotion Agency 3 PA) areas up to 5,000 ha, and (m) by the Federal IPA  on behalf of the region for areas larger than
n
5,000 ha.
Usual practice is for an interested investor to approach the concerned authority, kcbdc / wereda for small (individual) investors, and the regional/ federal OPA for medium-large
investors. Land for investors should he free from smallholder farms, preferably not forestry
areas or areas of special environmental importance The wereda officials check the current land
use and status with the kebcle authorities, and village leaders before approving leases with the investors for small areas For the larger investors the regional / federal TP A checks land use and status cither themselves by fielding a technical team to visit the site, or by consultations with the wereda and kcbdc authorities.
Annual land lease payments usually are about FTB ?0/ha for small investors leasing at wereda
levd to about E FB 700 / ha for medium - large investors leasing at regional or federal level.
For small investors the annual payment is only paid for the area actually cultivated, which is
often much less than the leased area
Initial down payments for land are usually equivalent to the annual lease amount, but may be pud in instalments
Lease durations are usually for 5-50 years, or even indefimtdy. I lowrver if the investor fails to develop and cultivate the leased land the agreement can be terminated and the land reallocated to other investors or uses.
Lease payments for land are usually paid to the regional revenue Bureau
Where irrigated agriculture is earned out. additional payment under licrncr / permit for abstracted water is made to the concerned river basin authority. MoWR.
■' Ixs-tc igrmnmt* at trdenj levd have been
ugned wrrh die Mini.tr, of Agriculture & Hural Devrlopmcnl
t lb F4 StCtb I&-L* Drvdopmeni (1)
46/ v,*ra/
57i Jrw^ f>ra^ Mtf
j
Mnuig y irifff & E «$- CamMfrna/ fwMr
Details rtf the small and medium scale commercial farms in or near the proiecl area are tabulated by wrredi below. The majority arc recently established rainfed estates growing commercial crops. The extent those farms within rhe project area will be interested / allowed / able to change tn irrigated agnculture remains to be established
(a)          Pa we VC 'crrda
In Pawe wereda there are currently eight lease arrangements signed with smalbmedium commercial farms for run fed agricultural production Of rhe «gbifc rwo recently secured land under kasc agreements from the Federal government Almost all die investors are only farming small portions of their leased lands, and some have vrl tn start cultivation.
Table 3-LL Small/Medium Scale Private Investors in Pawc Wcreda _______
____ ______
Commercial
Farm
Leaae
Area
(ha)
Currently
ctillhated
(M
Year
eafabbshed
Crop* grown
Remarks
lidger Mule-Purpose Agricultural
| Development PIXZ
1,000
1?
2005
Maize, leiame
Out  of  project  area,  oxen ploughing
1
Abie cummcrcu]
farm
40
Nor started because of Land use conflict with
imaUholden
Abay Zuna
Agricultural Drvrlnpmrnt PLC
41)
ID
2005
Onion, coral o,
pepper, banana
Pumped   irrigation   from Krtab and Beks rivers
Abdwv Boruc
Agricultural Development PLC
430
280
200"
Maize. 13 ha irrigated! otrut
(orange,
mandarin,
grapefruit).
Rainfed. Additional 3,500 ha is in Dangur WTfeda. Ofc airtjs trees were
planted m the 1980s
Mola Kebek
Integrated
Agricultural
Development
23
Cattle
fjtnening
2007
Alfa al fa, testemia, sweet potato, rice, pepcr, onion
Mainly cattle fattening
faxim
Belay Agricultural
development Farm
109
109
Rue. maize,
sorghum,
chickpeat
Rai  riled,  mechanized with tractors
Kiluiton PLC
431
land clearing Lnittared
L j’trrP1.C
s
Tn Village 17
’ F4 SfQlb I&D Development fl}
4"
P-Miy-Ufithtyia* Nri
Vra^F Pnffd
(b) Dangur Wereda
There are currently two small-medium commercial firms in Dangur wereda, as summarised below.
Table 3-12: Small/Medium Scale P
rivaie Investors in Dangur We red a
Commercial
farm
Kehek
Leased
Area
Currently
euhrvated
Year
established
Crops
grown
Remariu
T ema men Agncul rural Development
PLC
Ankas ha
Burp
500
None
A bun General
Trading PIjC
Ankas ha
Burp
300
300
2001
Marie &
Sorghum
Rain fed mechanised with tractors. .Area cultivated by another investor lie fore 19%
(c)          J a wi Wereda
ITierc are currently four small-medium commercial farms in Jawi wereda as summarised in I able 3-13. Of these, the Abalo Agro Technical farm lies within the Upper Belts project area in
development stage area I-B / I-A. ’I’hc location of the other farms is not certain
Abalo Agro Technic has its head office in Addis Ababa and a branch office in Bahn Dar. The company has two commercial farms in the Amhara region, one I icing Abalo and the other Kosober The Abalo farm was established in 2009 leasing 600 ha of land, of which 200 ha is cropped, under maize for seed (140 ha), soya bean (50 ha) and recently rice (1.5 ha). The company has three tractors for land preparation (75 cm ridge spacings), while sowing, weeding and harvesting arc done manually
Rkc was cropped as a trial in 2009 over 1.5 hi- The broadcast sowing application was 60 kg/ha Artificial fertilizers of DAP (100 kg/ha) and Urea 50 kg/ha were applied. Results were promising and a considerable expansion is planned in 2010.
The maize seed produced is variety BH540 and sesame seed TGX133-24.
^WSfOlbl&DDrvdopn^rnN/> Jf7*‘"'1’*           P™-^ Pr^Kf
Table 3-13: Sma]|/M_edi»m Scale Paine InveMor* m Jawj Were da
Commercial
farm
Krbele
located
Area
0>*J
CuiTCfllK
cultivated
(M
Year
eatabliabrd
Crop*
grown
Remark"
A tain Khlane
Ahi Kun rd
150
150
2008
Sorghum, vesamc
Run fed, d’jnkcys for drought power & transportation
Abalo Agro Tec brutal
Ahi Kura nd
600
21MI
2009
Nlaiu
seed,
senbean.
Rajnfed
mechanized with
Lracrocs
Hiram Teran
A In Kurand
272
200
2008
Sesvne, irorgjhijfn
Ixucd iur Hyrs,
ETB5L65/haAr
1 Sclav CienrJew
Mu Kurand
J
119
119
2008
Sorghum, sesame
leased for 8 yrs
(tij Dr bub Acbefcr \X cred a
There are currently five small-medium commercial firms in Dcbub Achefa were da as summarised in Tabic 3-14 These air ill located within (he Upper Brks project area in develop mem <tagr area IV-B
Table 3-14: Small/Medium Scale Private Investors in Dcbub Achcfa Were da
_
Commercial
farm
Re belt
leased
Area
(ha)
Currently
cultivated
(h*)
Year
c-stabliahcd
______
Crop*
jgrown
__________
Remarks
Dcbrt Work.
Aba re*
Zjlwi lanfz
300
200
200W
Sesame, sorghum.
Leased for 10 yrs
Yibrital Atefc*
Zibst Tan fa
34X1
Not
Cultivated
2008
leased for 10 yrs
Al Bcthir*
Zibst Tania
200
Nol yet
starred
2lX)8
-
lueised for 10 yrs
Mohamed Ahmed Tahir
Ankciha
Munger
621
Not
opera Lional
2008
■
[-eased for 13 yrs but only cultivated for one vear
AEaxna Agro
Processing**
Ankesha. Munger
952
952
200ft
Sorghum, sesame
t
Leased for 13 yrs, donkeys for draugh t power & Iran ipwiabon
* rhe-dr firm* arc Iraratrd dtwc: to the K 'pprr Hde* riser and mar be partly in Iawi wereda JTiis farm mat be parth in jwi A Pawcwercdii
L* H SrOlb l&D IXrveiopmrot fl)
49
17-Miy 1 ]•fTa',T *
lirtopM Naif
Dfwm<* Nw**
3.5A l^rjf 5mJc
Ftr*J
There are two quite recently signed lease agreements for quite large scale commercial farms specifically: ® with BDFC (with I liber PLC) for 17,400 ha of sugarcane in SDAs IB and IV.B and (li) with CLC industries for 25.000 ha of cotton, mostly to the west of the project area.
(a) I liber Sugar Share - BDFC Joint Venture
The Hibcr Sugar Share Company is a joint venture with a BDFC, l share company established by two brothers of Israli decent and registered in Brazil I fiber / BDFC plan to establish a
25.000 ha sugar estate within the project area in stage development areas I-B and TV-B. The identified area mostly extends over black vertisol soils and is largely free from existing smallholder crop agriculture. Currently 17,400 ha have been leased from the Amhara Regional government. The company plan to develop their lease area to surface furrow irrigation tmgallon, in two stages each for 10 - 11.000 ha, from fi) 2010 and 2012. and (ii) 2013 and 2014 The company also plans to construct sugar and ethanol factories as well as developing housing and other infrastructure over 3 4,000 ha
To date the company has cleared some land near to the Upper Bdcs river to establish a 300 ha seed cane nursery’ with pumped irrigation from the nver. An initial deposit for the 17.400 ha leased area of ETB 10 million has also been paid (ETB 54.5 /ha; l’S$ 4.6/ha).
(b) CLC Industries Pic
A lease agreement was signed on 26th December 2009 between CLC Industries Pic and the Federal Government Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development for a 25,000 ha Cotton Plantation to be established in parts of Ahi Kunnd, Jabana and Ankwasha Burgi kebclcs. in Jawi, Piut and Dangur weredas The lease agreement is for 50 years with the first down payment due end June 2010.
About a third of the lease area is in the project area, extending over black cracking vertisols in the lower (south-western) part of stage development area I-B. and in the upper (northern) pan of stage development area ill. The remainder of the lease area extends to the north and east of lite project aiea, skirting Ml Belaya, and draining inwards the north This area appears verv rough and broken, settled to some extent but mostly comprising scattered woodland
CLC plan cotton cultivation in the lease area As part of the lease tbey are required to conduct an environmental impact assessment, and take measures to prevent soil erosion as well as ensure natural resource conservation in accordance with government legislation.
No work has starred for the cotton estate.
’ F4 SrOlh l&l > Development. 1)Er-^tJf -Vr*
j £ 5 CfiJtebtrMtiT
With reference to Figure 3-11 the following condirswm ire drawn
*       [*hc 1 .400 ha land-lease area with BDFC-Hiber PIjC for sugarcane cultivation citends mostly over vertisols in stage development areas LB (right bank} and IV-B (left bank). ‘Ilie areas have scattered presence of smallholders which would need to be resettled / accommodated Also at least three farms, namely Yi bell al. A lama Agro processing and Mohammed Ahmed Tahir already have leased land within the Hibcr boundary. Abilo Agro-technical near to Fcndika alio occupies a sliver of land with the Hiber area. VCTuk the lease agreements with somr of these small estates may be terminated due to non- cultivation / development of the area, others arc to some extent produenve.
•      The development of 25.000 ha by CLC to grow cotton, of which about a Third is in the project area may be difficult to implement The part within the project area in stage development areas IB and III. overlaps with rhe south western boundary of the proposed I liber PLC sugar estate The CLC leased Land to the west and north of the project area appears quite broken, mostly tree covered but with patches of smallholder cultivation.
The signed lease agreements for all cunimereiaJ farms, small, medium and large need to be amended / cancelled depending on: (i) whether the terms of rhe lease have been broken; (li) to address the overlapping lease areas, and (uji in light of oiir feasibility findings concerning land suitability and irrigable areas (sec Chapter 1).
It  is  also  undrrtood  that  the  Ethiopian  Sugar  Corporation  will  be  allocated  most  of  the  available imgablc land for sugarcane estate development in the Upper B-elcs (plus F Ivma) areas.
Lb 1-4 Mlb |fc[> Dvvrl.ip.nnit (1)
5]
17-May 11ftoK’Wlr                 V
<l>^ **£”W
jw/ DwMfr PrijfiT*■ BFjflrr e* £iwp
E/iv’tfi-J-ff NrJe Irrrgitraf jrrf Z>w#qp FViprf
Figure 3~7: Stage Development Areas &. Land Slopes
■m     1W        ~MMt   MMVl*  MW       MNI              it MX
I                    A-------- ------ 4----------- —Ji__________ I----------------- L-------- - ------Jl
□—— 
***>i
9B ’■-
i i • -- i
i 1 -1 •■
CZ1-..
> » i r
HI *'* 
;     ]fl     ■
4
IMtrow**1
Ub F4 SiOlb l&D Development (1)
P-May-11EfAfjfitJ. At Miff) tfWilff &* Eiwp LLfAi&rj* im$es+* Jt/ PrwujF Prwrrf
Figure 3-9: Land Suitability Map
■~t
1Tb H SrOI b l&P Drvdopmcm (1)
55
17-Xby 11Mwwfn *Tftfr         F-arp
A fi Impfit* td Drafaff Pr^r.1
Figure 5-IO; Existing Land Use & Land Cover by SDAJflf&iw.aur, MWefrr ** ® ’*
r
n,jr lifllTP
/r/AftfVjjr .X';Zr Anjuftw ,«/ Pnw*^r /’rajVJ
Figure 3-ltz Existing/ Recently Leased Commercial Farm Arrai
Ub Pl Sr Jib I AD LX'Vi'Ivpflicnt (J)
17 Shy 11MMup pf B>*r <* i:^
E/WWP X'* i'^’1'                       W
.  CLIMATE,  PROPOSED  CROPPING  AND  CROP  WATER REQUIREMENTS
4 /           Climatic Dau and Reference Evep&rranspirxtion
4 /_ /           CfaflAr
Monthly and long term average estimate* of temperature wnt calculated using the measured da La ob rained for the Pawe climate station Climatic data such as humidity, wtnd speed, md sunshine hours were also provided by NMSA for Fawr or obtained directly from the climatic station located at the Agricultural Research Station14. Long term average monthly values for thrsc climate data arc given in 'l'able 4-t Seasonal variations in climate data are presented in Figure 4-1.
Table 4-1: Climatic data and ET, for Upper B^lea comm and area
Month
Min.
Temp
CQ
Max.
Temp
CQ
Average
Temp
co
Humidity
(*)
Wind
(km/day)
Sunahinc
(M
ET.
(mm/day)
[anuarv
12.4
345
234
65.3
41.1
9.6
3.95
February
143
36.2
253
63.6
55.1
93
451
March
176
37.4
27.5
59.1
75.6
8.7
509
April
19.0
373
282
62-9
74 5
8.8
532
Mav
193
343
26.9
65.4
82.1
8.0
4.97
lune
18,1
29.8
23 9
81-0
81 0
6.3
3.97
17.8
27.7
22.8
860
605
4.6
331
' August
17.6
27.7
’ 22.7
89.6
572
48
333
September
173
29.0
232
853
49.7
6,1
3.67
October
169
30.4
23.7
85.0
33.5
7.3
3.79
November
14 4
323
233
772
302
9-4
3.93
December
123
33.6
23.0
69.0
35.4
9.8
3,81
Mean
16.4
32.5
MJ
743
56.3
7-7
4.14
Nvtcz An iliiruLlc ui +1,119 rrumJ i* used ind a hntudc of 1131 *N and loftgrnjdc of 3641  ’E
<
Ixtng term average minimum and maximum temperaturcs for die Upper Bedes command area are highrsi from March through io April with lows tn July when clouds persists through the wet season A maximum monthly temperature of 37,4 °C occurs toward the end of the dry season in April with a low of 27.7“C in July and August ai the height of the wet season. Monthly average minimum temperatures vary from 123*C in December to 193*C in May
The humidity is highest m August in lhe wet sason when humidity reaches 90%, and a minimum of 59% occurs in March in Lhe dry season under clear sky conditions. Wind speed vines from 30-82 km/day and averages 56 km/day. Sunshine hours vary from 4.6 hours in July to 9.8 hours in December.
Hricr fft 1 pfxf BrJ-rs Water Ru’SCjuttci rrpufT for details cif das. avjHJaliifcfT, etc,
Ob I 4 SrQlb l&D DpwrlontBcni fB
59
I?-May 11l- M D,-^ R^’ X E/^a. Al«r*r &
fl
hw »
HZw^» /rn^dfAM Drauy PnjM
Figure 4-1: Long (erm average climatic data and ET» for Upper Belcs command atei
Prwi dlmalB staler
~T wwn<-q S<rWe(h»| — ^o;rwOny)
— wmPWfcy)!
4.1.2          fafmna EwpolrunjptrjtwK (I'TT,)
Ihc long term average dimatr data is used to estimate the reference evaporation ET„ for the command area for estimating crop water requirements. The ET,.was calculated using the Penman Monteith formula, as recommended by EAO (1998) using the CropWat (version 8) software. The ET   ranges from 3.31 mm/day in July to 5.33 mm/day in April with an average
O
annual value of 4.14 min/dav The seasonal variation of ET.. is shown in Figure 4-2. "llie total annual ET„ is 1.492 mm for the Upper Belcs project area.
Hi 1-4 SrOlh .’Ad > Dcvdiipmmt (1]
61 >
«4H ,^- V* |m^fw' *”* Pw**
Average monthly rainfall exceeds reference evapotranspiratinn in the wet season from June to
September indicating that in The wet season the flat plain areas id the project area will need
(surface) drainage tu avoid flooding and crop damage.
Average  monthly  reference  rvapotranspuation  exceeds  rain  fall  during  the  dry  season  until  the start of the summer rains in June Irrigation is required in the dry season for cropping
^2 RjLtnfaH
Figure 4-4 shows rhe annual averagr rainfall isohyets for the Upper Belts project area In rhe upland lulls surrounding the scheme to the writ, south and south-west average mnuxl rain tall is about 1,600 mm or more To the north and north-west however average rainfall drops oft sharply to about 1 JOO mm or less. Within the command area average annual rainfall varies from about 1.300 -1,500 mm. increasing from north to south,
Table 4-2 and Figure 4-3 give the long term average rainfall (LTA) estimated using co kriging for the irrigation command area, as well as rhe 80* * dependable rainfall used to estimate the effective rainfall (Phi) required for rhe crop water requirement ealcuhoons. The monthly values for the 80% dependable rainfall are estimated from lhe standard normal cumulative distribution (Chow, 1988) using the won and standard deviation (SD) from the 2" years- of monthly
train fa II-
The effective rainfall P tr used to determine irngataon water requirements is calculated by the
e
USDA soil conservation service method (using CropWar version 8) using die dependable rainfall data, P, where P,^is given by the following
P frr = |P (125 0 6P)]/12S for P < 83 mm
= 41.7 4 0.1P for P > 83 mm
Table 4-2: Long term average rainfall, dependable (80%), and effective rainfall for
command area
Month
Long term average
rainfall
(nun)
Standard
Deviation
80% Dependable
ramfjJ]
(mm)
Effective
rninfaB
(mm)
January
15
4.2
0
(1
Fe Lruiry
1.6
2.8
0
0
March
11.6
19.4
0
n
April
27.5
407
0
0
May
111.8
B47
405
37 9
June
2407
R22
1715
124,4
Juh-
3667
967
2853
1535
jVugust
333.7
87.9
259.7
151
September
2165
70.7
157.0
117.6
October
119.9
45.9
813
70.7
\uvrmher
11-4
14 0
0
0
December
42
62
0
0
Annual
1,447
556
995
655
Lh >■< Srfufa |4rj Devdopmcnr tlj
r-Miv nl-fito.Dnwmnrt.
EltfM A’ji M Dm^r Pmf
Abn/H) tfWgtrr & E*trp
,„ ,mMI Io,<be —I ““ “ '•■”■ """•  “' '“”“  “"•■«<
b
l
SS6 i l> «1«' <•-»» » 
>'“' f" l'"fc “ °°
«
7    ”'    ?™.h-    /November    »    M    «    'pnl)    The    h*fS    »™    ■’«"«'    dT"‘i,bl'    -nM      ,
W^.nd Ae ■»•»' «*<*• 
IO April the effective rainfall » zero.
» 655 ““ ,o 
Kmai*
1 *b I 4 SKllb ]&D IkvrJonmmt nFMnr/ ZAranfir
yiE^n^w. Afrtrrffy y IPfiWr (V
.V/»                J—1 Drora^r
Figure 4-4: Aimutd rainfall isohycf
from
are a
•
Gjvtt liM}*
AdftJlJ R*r/*> (Rm)
cVALUEs
A
□ 760’ IQ00
iJDpar F^S iIUfhffiHrt
Oil 00’ new
□
CllZOO’ 1200
LMWWd AfW
tzr
d£300» 1300
■    KOO MOO
ftud
■    l5£O 1500
Thtm Belrt Tirnl
■    1600 - 1600
■    1700 - LaOC
R»1
■    L 90O- 1900
■    3000’ 2300
Uh W SrOlMfcl) tawtafmm [I)
fi3
17-May 11i-fjmii
Mau# ITrtr
EUnpa. Ni* ■'■’W’*- *»"*'    !*
Pn     T
4J 
Prr>poted Irrigated Cropping Patients
4J f
t
Ittfrwfafw
The agro ecological conditions in the area allow a wide range of commercial, food and cash
crops to be grown under irrigation. In terms of l4ind Utilisation Types (see Chapter 1) these
crops could be grown under a range of different management systems including small /
medium and large scale commercial firms, by smallholders, and by smallholders operating ai
out growers. The major crop, however, is expected to be sugarcane grown by one (or more)
largr scale coinmerdid farm(s).
In this section proposed cropping patterns are given for the four major farm categories; (j)
Smallholders cropping luvisols; (ii) small / medium commercial estates cropping lunsols and /
or vertisols, and (iii) large commercial sugarcane grown on vertisols- Details of proposed erupt
cropping pattern and raiiunale for crop selection are given in SR-02B:
DevrtopHtf/tf Ptaitmn£,
43.2 Sflfdwt Criteria
Viable   cropping   patterns   and   crop   calendars   that   may   be   adopted   by   smallholders   and   the   small / medium comme-raaJ farms have been formula!cd based nrr
•       Con Skier a nun of existing rain fed crop* grown by smallholders;
•       Role of the crop in I he community (ic st a pic or commercial crop);
•       Suitability of the crop to protect area physical and climatic conditions such as land,
water, soil and dirnaie,
•
Profitability of the crop,
•
Crop growing period (shorter duration crops allow possibility of higher cropping
intensities — see Table 4—1);
•
Growers preferences and plans;
•
Marker constraints and opportunities including the level of produce consumption by
thr local population and perishability of the crop.
Table 4-3: Crop Duration: Smallholder Irrigated Crop*
Crop
Duration (days)
Scsudc
TO
Rjcc
100
Vegetable?
100
Sova bean
ICK1
Cluck pc«
100
Sun tlcjrwer
120
Maize
120
Kouft
120
' Sesame
130
Gruundaiu^
BO
Safflower
140
Cotton
J 50
Sorghumnr**"** 
Mmrfr, *
£/W^ N* Kf' " *
n
Mry'—«*
Given ihf cxtctwrvt hnvy  black cracking  vcrtuols in the project command area, it i?  important when fornjulating  cropping  patterns to  retognne which crops are suited to  these soils, and also suitability io surface and pressure (sprinkler) trngation. see Table 4-J.
Table 4-4: Crop* and Suitability for Cultivation on Vcrtnol*
Crop
Suited to Cultivation
ou Vertiaolr
Soiled to:
Surface urigatioo
Pressure lmgatiou
Sugarcane
Yes
Yes
Yes
Sorghum
Yo
Yes
Y«
Paddv rice
Y«
Yes
No
Conon
Yes
Yea
Q«)
NoUg !>igrr seed)
Ye*
Yes
Yei
Chick pea
Yes
Yes
1               x»
Timber Eucalyptus)
Yes
Trdgubon nor required after c*tabli>hrnenr
Sun (lower
Not ideal
Yes
Yes
Sova bean
Nor ideal
Yes
Yes
Vegeta hies
Not ideal
Yet
Y«
Groundnuts
Not ideal
Yea
Yes
Millet
Noe ideal
Yes
Yes
Sesame
Not ideal
Yes
Yes
Maize
Noe ideal
Yes
Yes
Safflower
No
Yes
Yes
Frurt rrces
No
Yes
Yes
4. X i         Pntpojfd. limiflM&r Irrtfa/fd 
Piiff/rw
If is proposed that smallholders be largely allowed ro continue to crop (hr red brown clayey*
(non-vrrtic) soils, and resettled from the vertisols areas, in particularly the Derrbay plain, where commercial (sugarcane) development is envisaged Nrmethdess smallholder will continue to
crop significant area of Vertisols - the exact area will depend on the proposed mix of
smallholder commercial - sugarcsute farm areas adopted.
Envisaged   cropping   will   include:   (i)   cereals   including   mane,   sorghum   and   finger   milkt;   (ii) oilseeds   including   srseme   and   groundnut;   and   w   smaller   areas   of   vegetables   and   forage   and mango.   Extensive   sugarcane   cultivation   by   smallholders   on   these   red   -   brown   luvisoh   under out   cropper   arrangements   with   rhe   sugar   estate   is   considered   unlikely   (dur   to   lower   financial returns).   A   cropping   intensity   of   200%   is   adopted   requiring   supplementary   irrigation   in   some wet seasuris and full irrigation most dry seasons.
llic smallholder farm cropping pattern adopted to calculate crop waler requirements and water demand is tabulated below, Table 4-5,
Devdupmcni (I)
65
17-May 1 ]E’topMi N4f Impt** Dnanap PrwfiY
jgbk■ 4-C5: Propon—-  ed C--r--op- Jp- ing Pattern Jfor^aUholder^Don^erticBoilB)
Crops
Wet season (May - Sept)
Dry ^ason
Nr
Area
Planting
Harvesting
Area
Planting
Cereals
Maize (grain/1 ecd)
37%
20 May
21 Sept
16%
29 Nov
2 An? —■—zjgnj
Sub-toula
37%
16%
Oilseeds
2
Groundnut
34%
2 May
8 Sept
4%
1 Nov
10 M   h
3
Sesame / sunflower
4%
25 May
5 Oct
9%
20 Nov
uc 29 .Muci
,
4
Safflower / sunflower
10%
1 lune
8 Oct
Sub-totals
48%
13%
'3
Vegetables
5
Small vegetables
1%___
15 May
17 Aug
4%
10 Dec
14 Mirth
6
Pepper
15%
10 Dec
14 March
Sub-totals
1%
19%
Pulses / Dry Beans
7
Hincot (Dry) Bean
46%
23 Nov
1 AprJ
8
-Soybean
9%
20 May
1%
29 Nov
21 Feb
—
Sub-locals
9%
1
47%
j
9
Mango
4%
perennial
4%
perennial
10
Pasture
1%
perennial
1%
perennial
Totals
100%
100%
Vanatioos for smallholder cropping that might be considered include the possibility of smallholders growing more extensive areas of either cotton or sugar as out-growers for large scale commercial enterprises The production of vegetables could include tomatoes for processing.
4.3.4 Pn[>ond Small I Medium Cammerrial Farm Cnfiptag Patterns
There is potential for a diversity of crops to be selected for production by small to medium scale commercial enterprises. These commercial farms arc likely to be limited in extent and located in areas where a complex patchwork of the two sod types exist, as is the case for stage development areas III and V.
For the purposes of crop water requirements the adopted cropping patterns for small / medium commercial farms cropping luvuols and vertisols arc given.
Proposed commercul crops for luvuols include (seed) maize and groundnuts in the wet season and groundnut, sunflower and safflower in the dry season, sec Table 4-6.
Proposed commercial crops for vertisols include sorghum, noug and vegetables (pepper) in the wet season and sesame, soya bean, chickpea and hancot bean tn the dry season, sec Table 4-7.
Cb H SrOlb lad) nevek^rarnt 'BAfrSMlty afW j' ffr & F.frrrjy
y-f^'^jif Nfifc1                      •■’^ ir?far“^i" /Mgmf
T.ble 4-6= Proposed Popping Pancm for Small/Mrdrum Commercial Farms (Longo
Wei season (May - Scpi)
1 Nr
Crops
Dn season (Nov - March)
Area
Plan ring
Harvesting
Area
PUn ting
Hancsnng
Cereab
1
Maize / Maize seed
62%
21 Mav
22 Sept
62%
29 Nov
2 Apr
Subtotals
62*4
62%
Oilseeds
2
Groundnut
15%
J Miy
9 Sept
3
Sesame / sunflower
15%
20 Nov
29 March
Sub-totals
15%
15%
Fruit crops
4
Citrus
23%
perennial
23%
pertnnial
Sub-totals
23%
23%
Totals
100*/.
100%
Table 4-7: Proposed Cropping Pattern for Small/Medium Commercial Farms (Vertis-ok)
Wet season (May — Sept)
Dsy Mason (Nov — March)
(
Nr
Crops
Area
Planting
Harvesting
Area
Planting
Harvesting
Cereals
1
Sorghum
29%
20 May
10 Oct
Sub-totals
29%
Oilseeds
2
Seiame / itinilower
50%
20 Nov
29 March
3
Noug (Niger «ed)*
61%
25 May
26 Sept
Sub-coiaU
61%
50%
Pulses
4
Sova bean/chickpea
24%
29 Nov
21 Feb
5
Hancot bean
26%
23 Nov
1 April
Sub-totals
50%
Vr ge table s
6
Small vegetables
10%
15 June
17 Oct
Sub-totals
10%
Totals
100%
100%
*Nntr crop waler reqhsrr5nm & liX ntsug ate drought to be uiralif to pjroondilUT
Crops other than those tsbubued above could include a divenity of tree and fruit crop? such as bananas, arangrs. mandarin and grapefruit These crops would be suitable for production
under pressure irrigation using micro■sp rudder and dnp tmganon systems, m well as production, under surface irrigation.
PnpWfd I jiT^e Comrtttniat1'arm Crvppt*£ Porter*
As noted previously, land-lease applications have been made by large scale enterprises to produce cotton and sugar in and near io Upper Bdes. Regarding sugar production the current
h H SrtUb l&D Drvdopmrrot (11}
67
17 Ma y 11Fftitru/
Rtf*** •/               Mruftn of Tattr £*• Ewp
rV/w^Mt A’dr Im&t*' Md Drgt^t Pn*t
intention is to divert water from the Ikies river, and then to undertake irrigation by su f
r ac f
.
irrigation using furrows. This is one possible development option Another possibly more attractive option is pressurised sprinkler irrigation making use of the gravin’ pressure avails from pipelines taking off from contour canals / balancing reservoirs.
Thr envisaged cotton leased area within the proposed command is rather less than the arra leased for sugarcane, as well as the cotton project bring less well defined having only been signed on 26* December 2009 Furthermore, latest government thinking w for large scale sugarcane cropping in the Upper Beks project area, and in Hynu (Upper Dindir).
Sugarcane is known tn yield well on vertisols It is a deep rooting crop sensitive to water supph
The potential cropping schedule for sugar has been assessed with regard to the
estatrs currently operating in Ethiopia
•      VC onp Shoa near Nazareth Town some 110 km south cast of Addis Ababa in the Awash river basin,
•       Mctehara about 200 km further cast, also in the Awash River basin; and
•       Finchaa which is located in the Ftncha river valley, a tributary of the Blue Nile River in thr west of lhe country
The two estatrs in the Awash River basin occupy areas of land where the topography is wcD suited to surface irrigation, whereas the Finchaa Estate covers undulating land and, primarily for this reason, was developed to span Id er irrigation. At Wonji Shoa, the soils are mainly heavy days and lighter sandy clay loam* classified as Fluvisols. At Mctehara the soils arc also heavy and fine textured, usually day s to sandy day loams. In Finchaa, red soils (Chromic Luvisols) dominate the scheme area, with Vertisols the second most extensive sod
The growth of sugarcane in all the sugar estates is sensitive to climatic conditions, with a strong positive correlation between cane growth and sunshine hours and incoming net solar radiation There is also a moderate condition between growth and (minimum) temperature
The elevation and climatic conditions of the Upper Bdes command area (+1.150 to +1,250
ma si) ts suited to sugarcane, being rather lower than elevations at Finchaa and Wonji bur raiher higher than at Mctehara (sec Section 2.2).
At the Finchaa sugar estate the age of plant sugarcane at harvest ranges from 14-18 months, averaging about 16 months The average age of ratoons al harvest is about 13-1B months, averaging 15-16 months Sugarcane age at harvest is influenced by the tuning of the seasonal raws which affect field access Milling occurs from nud October to end May. Dunng the wet
ttb 1'4 SrOlb 1*13 Devclnpan,, i)
f
1 1F ^r W 
P ™m®'
months   the   null   is   serviced   and   any   repairs   earned   out-   Fallowing   of   vertisols   is   not   practiced   at Finch aa, but is practiced elsewhere.
Figure 4-5 show's a possible cycle of planted crop and subsequent ratoons over a 12 year crop cycle with fallowing However as fallowing is not commonly practiced xn Ethiopia, crop water requirements have been estimated without fiDowmg. The adopird duration to harvest for plant cane is 1" months, and 12-14 months each for three ratoon crops.
■: Typical Sugar Crop Cycle
MONTH
LEGEND
Planted crop
1st ratoon
2nd ratoon
3rd ratoon
Fallow
4 4        Crop Wjfrrr ftequ/rrmrafr
4,4. /           FtwTT Cd/i?i;i?nrr
Adopting the effective rainfall and reference crop rvapo-transpiration values given in Sections 4.1 dt 4.2, crop water requirements for the envisaged four categories of farms have been
calculated:
•       Farm category 1 Smallholder farmers irrigating on luvisoh;
•       Farm categories 1 At 2: Small / medium scale commercial farms on luvisols and on vertisols; and
•       Farm category 4 Large scale commercial farm growing sugarcane on vertisols.
In determining crop water requirements, and speofically to assess irrigation scheduling options, information concerning rooting depdi for the crop, and total and readdv available information
is needed.
Ub HSriJlhto]
> ncvcknnatiH nj
69
1 ? May 11Elhicpu’ N* ’ W""‘ "
r
dDn*',W Pm,‘'’
The sod surveys and studies measured the available water for a range of soil types and the (total) available water contents (AWCs) are tabulated below tn Table 4 8 for rooting depth, of 1.0 m and 0 6 m15.
Table 4-3: Average AWC Meaauremenis b% Soil Type
AWC, %
AWC, mm
Sod type
topioil
03-0.6 m
0.6 -1.0 m
1.0 m
0.6 m
rating
VP1
23.7
19.9
18.0
203
131
High
VP2
23.7
22.7
29.1
256
139
High
VP3
24.0
26.9
233
246                    153             High
VH1
21.7
25.2
23.6
235
141             Htgh
VH2
13.0
15.4
16.5
151
85
1
Moderate
N
28.1
24 1
29.9
276
157
)Cgh
Rl
13 1
11.7
12.9
126
74
Moderate
R2
24.0
19.2
228
221                    130
High
CV
20.9
28.2                       335
281
147
High
P
103
11.7
17.0
134
66             Moderate
B
31.5
24.0
163
233
167            High
F2
27.5
27.0
286
278
164
High
Ixxiking at the top 1.0 m of soil, there is a range of AWC values from 12 6% (126 mm) to 28.1% (281 mm) lliis range represents a moderate or high AWC for all soils Converting the AWC (%) to actual amounts of water (mm) to wet the top 0.6 m of soil from wilting point ro field capian shows a range of 66 to 16” mm.
The average AWC for the soil groups arc tabulated below. Table 4-9 Table 4-9: Average AWC for toil groups
Soil Group
AWCl# mm
AWCn mm
%AWC04
Vermoh. V
218
130
60
Nimols. N
276
157
57
Luvuoli, Rl, R2
174
102
59
Cambuok, CV,P»B
216
127
59
Ruvisok. R EX
278
164
59
The AWC for the vinous upbnd day roil. (N, Rl, R2, etc) soils to 1.0 m depth vines from 174 to 278 mm. The AWC for vertuols (V) to 1 0 m vines averages 218 mm
'» Refa .uppkmer.no report SR-02A Sod., Und ()   md S.^h.^
K
Vb F4 S.Otb I AD De.eJopn.en. 0)-■
f  ,.^.tf.             Me-**** *“* J>™"h*r Fr*fkr
Not   ill   of   the   Available   water   will   be   readd)’   extractable   by   plants   Readdy   available   water   (RAW) is usually between half and two-thirds of rhe total AWC
The concept of RAW is of limbed relevance to Vertisols Lmgatjon frequency normally ainu to
replenish sod water when rhe RAW component has been used However. given the inherent
variability and imprecision in estimating RAW, field observation of both crop and soil
condition is a far more reliable way to schedule imgin/vn
The   results   of   an   experiment   to   determine   the   amounts   of   water   to   saturate   a   Vertisol   to   depths between 0.2 m and O.fi m are summarised below tn Secn«i 4,5 2.
The FAO programme CROPWAT 8.0 was used for all calculation * of crop waler requirements.
In all cases effective rainfall was calculated using the USDA sod conservation service method
and using lhe 80% dependable rainfall, sec Section 4.2.
To    assess   irrigation   scheduling   options   on   vertisols   and   red-clay    sods   (see   Section   4.5    below), lhe following soil eharacterisucs were adopted
Table 4-10: Adopted Soil Characteristic* to Assets CWR Scheduling
Nr
Soil Characteristic
Area 1 (verrisob)
Area 2 (red claya)
Readily Available Water (mm/m)
200 mm/m
180 mm/m
2
Maximum run infiltration rate (iran/d)
30 mm /d
30 mm/d
3
1
Maximum, rooting depth (mm)
900 mm
900 mm
4
Iruual soil moisture (aa % AWQ
50%
$()% |
5
tfuual available sod mdifurc iiruti/m)
1DU mm/m
90 mm /m
4.4.2
* Appropriate for sugarcane lies* fur sh*lk>w rooted crop).
IF'tffrr Rr^jwmwjm
Lhe calculated monthly net irrigation crop water requirements were determined for the
proposed cropping patterns for each farm category as tabulated below, see Table 4-11 and
Table 4-12 (for sugarcane).
CROPWAT8    does    not    allow    crop    durations    exceeding    12    months,    and    water    requirements    for cane were calculated for the following three ratoon planting options
•       Option A: five staggered ratoon plantings each over 20% of the farm area with planting
in the dp- season starting on 15* November and continuing over five months to 15’h
March;
•         (Option   B;   six   staggered   ratoon   pLantings,   four   over   15%   of   the   farm   area   and   two   over 20%   with   planting   in   the   drv   season   starting   on   15“   November   and   continuing   over   six months to 15* April; and
•       Option C: four staggered ratoon plantings each over 25% of the farm area with planting in the dry season itamng on 1* December and continuing over four months to 1" March.
b  I * SrtJilj Ijg] j Devrlopffinu (I)
71
17 Mar DS-<MCU« A’« /"»•»« •*'' •”'»«?
T»hJe 4-11: Monthly Crop Water Requirements by Farm Category
Jw
Feb | Mir Apr May Jun
Firm category 1: Smallholder farm
in mm/’day
in mm/month
0.43 | 0.56 | 0.47
on Luvisola
4 1
0
0
125 8
0.5
15 3
0.6
17.4
0.1
1.7
0
0
0
0.4
------- —_ o.l
1.7
I
in mm/day
3.6
5
4.7
0
0
in mm/month Total (mm)
in l/s/ha Farm category 3
112.1
140.8
144.5
0.7
19.7
0.4
133
0
0.1
0
0
00 0.8           0.5
Oj
10?’
493 mm
0.42         0.5a         0.54        0.08 |       0.05               0   L  P     0              0              0     <>CH
_
: Commercial farm cropping on Vertisols
in mm day in mm/month
Total (mm)
4           4.6            35           0.4           1.3           0.4               0              0           0.1           0.1         04
1227
129
1093
13
41.1
12.7
0
0.1
2.4
2
11J
■K
503 mm
in l/s/ha
0.46
0.53
0.41
005
0.15         0.05
jd       0.01         0.01        O.LM
Table 4-12: Sugarcane Net Crop Water Requirements
Jan
Feb
Mar
Apr
May
Jun
Jul
Au k
Oct
Nov
Option A: 5 ratoon planting!
in mm/day
3.0
3.5
42
5.2
4.3
0.8
0
0
0.4
2.0
3J
m mm/month
93 1
979
131.0
154.9
134.7
22.6
0
0
12.8
60.5
113.5
Total mm)
r
918 mm
in l/s/ha
035
040
0.49
0.60
0.50
0.09 |            0
L
0.05
0.23 |
0.44 L
Option B: 6 ratoon plantings
in mm/day
3.2
3.5
4.2
4.8
3.9
0.6
0
0
1     0.5
I 2.0
4.0
in mm/month
110.4
99.1
129 3
143.7
1203
193
0
0
13.7
| 63.5
119.7
1
Total (mm)
915 mm
m 1/i/ha
037
041
0.48
0.55
0.45
0.07
Lol                     o| 0.05
1 034,
0.46
-
Option C: 4 ratoon plantings
tn mm/ day
28
3.2
4.0
5.3
45
0.8 i
.of o|
0.5
20
4.0
in mm/month
87.7
906
1229
160.3
140.1
23.4 |
ir o
14.0
63 1
121 £
Total (mm)
922 mm
tn l/s/ha
033
037
0.46
0.63
0.52
0.09
0
0
005
0 24
04^
1
1
For all farm categories, except for the large commercial sugarcane estate, peak duties occur in February- and vary from 0.53 lo 0.58 l/s/ha, averaging aboui 0.55 l/s/ha. Annual net crop water demand vanes from 4"’5 to 503 mm
For the supreme estate the peak demand (duty) occurs tn April, varying from 0.55 • 0.63 l/s/ha. Annual demand vanes from 915 mm to 922 mm
I’bFaSrOlbliDDcwtotwnemm
«-» SImv-1 I^V‘atrr <* E*rp
A'*                  *“' P™*^
Irrifitfoo Scheduling Option* <nd Crop Yield*
Si-hnkfUfrg and Gvp Yifidi
Irrigation scheduling options (ic irrigation intervals and drprhs), and impact on crop yields is assessed tn this section to help inform system operation rccummeodaUQns (sec Section 9 3),
Results are tabulated below for sugarcane oa days (verasok) and for dry season marar- and soybean on clayrv-lcaml for the following ftve imgatiaTi scheduling options:
•       Option A: Optimum, ie irrigate at 100% depletion and refill to 100% of field capacity,
» Option B Rain fed, ie no irrigations arc a pplied,
•       Options C. D, E, it irrigations at interval; of 30. 60 and 90 dacs, refilling to field capacity.
Table 4-L3: Crop Scheduling Op non s and Yielda for Selected Crop*
Nr
Irrigation ache dull tig option
(■« do lew below)
A:
(j P'tim u 3,1 ii
B:
Raiafed
C’30
day*
Dr 60
day*
Er 90
day*
Sugarcane
1
2
Plandnp dale
25* Apd
Harvesting date
2-1* April
3
Sen] type
Black chv vertisols
4
Nr of irrigations (for imgauon
interval)
-
0
12
6
3
5
Nr of irrigations required .10 practice
4
0
6
3
2
6
Yield Joss {%
0%
47%
0%
3%
16%
Maize
1
Phtniing dale
1" fune
111* December
2
Hnnnring date
3"<Oci
1 J* Apnl
3
Soil type
Red clavey loams
4
Nr of tmganons (for imgitaon
interval)
0
0
4
2
5
Nr of imganons required in practice
0
0
4
2
6
Yield loss (•• --
0%
92%
9%
45%
Soya lx* an
1
Planting- date
1” December
2
Harvesting date
23"1 Fcbnim-
3
Soil type
Red clayey loams
4
Nr of inagu turns (for ungation
intervdi
4-5
0
2-3
1-2
5
Nr of imganoni required in practice
4
0
23
1-2
6___
Yield lost ’ oi
0%
59%
?%
33%
Nott: crop --rhriJuling iiptinfiir
* •ptuiiMiTi ■ Im^ie it 1Di% dcpirtirti and refill io lOTF/fl ert field opacity; R Riinfcd. Ni > tmgahnn, ie run fed
C, D. Ei Irrigate 41 mtcwiih of 30 / 60 / 90 d*y». rrtilling to field capacity
r_lj ^r01b l&b
I^cvvkjpmcnr (I)
73
17 Mar HE^pao Nl>                    Dmat* Pnwsr
From the result* tabulated above and from experience at Wonjl-Shoa, Mclahara and
(see Section 2.2), the following is concluded for sugarcane
•       Supplementary irrigations are required depending on rainfall and as required at time of planting of the cane, and for young cane at 10-day intervals, applying 50-70 mm Ulth each irrigation. and
•      Dry season irrigations it 30 day intervals applying 130-200 mm with each irrigation.
The implications for mature dry season maize and for soya bean are that
•
•
Irrigations at about 20 day intervals are required; and
Early soil wetting / prc-imgation is required to prevent stress during initial crop
development stages.
4 J.2 
Imjpftfft Crops on I 'trtitob
Irrigation Water will only penetrate Vertisols via the cracks, and once these dose any additional
irrigation will pond or runoff The key to irrigating vertisols is therefore: (i) to establish an
irrigation regime related to the drying cycle; and (li) to provide adequate surface drainage both
to control and remove surplus water (rainfall or irrigation).
It is difficult to schedule routine irrigation on Vertisols because (i) water does not entrr or
permeate the soil evenly - water enters the soil only through the cracks, and fu) conventional
theory of Geld capacity and AW’C does not apply w’cll to Vertisols. The objective is to irrigate
when the cracks arc opened to the full rooting depth 'normally between 0 2m and 0.6 m
depending on the crop) and to then replenish the soil moisture quickly until the cracks dose. If
irrigauon is too gentle or slow (especially likely in the case of pressure irrigation) then the cracki
will close at the surface with insufficient water penetrating to depth If irrigation is too rapid or
excessive (especially on sloping land or along over-strep furrow’s) then runoff will cause the
soils to erode.
Practical experience on the Gezira scheme (for cotton) in Sudan indicated an optimum
lmgauon interval of 21 (o 25 dap on Vertisols with betwven 100 mm and 140 mm of water
applied per application \l-artrvtber, H, G. SuppknHntaty I motion Management of \  erti/ob tender
r
Semi And Conditions 1RSRAM Prxtrdtnjp No. 6 1987].
The Gezira findings indicate that when the cracks are filled (by rainfall or irrigation) the top 0.2
m of soil is saturated, that is, having temporal)* waterlogging and anaerobic conditions Below
this the moisture contents never reach saturation. There are two important consequences of
this: (l) there remains sufficient air below 0.2 tn for plants to continue growth and (li) full
irrigation as described above should only commence when seedling roots extend below 0 2 m,
or the plants may drown [Fdrfrv/Arr, H. G. IFa/er Management Options tn the Sudan Grpru: A
Rrwjy. NKJ. Chatham, UK 1996].
Even under heavy and prolonged irrigation the amount of water passing below the sod is likely
co be ven small because of the Vermob' sell-regulating characteristics; that is, when cracks seal
no further water passes through. Evapotranspiration removes all the water and cricks re-open
Drainage, therefore, 11 concerned with providing itches to remove *urp)u$ rainfall and
l’b F4 SrOlh IAD Devefcommt 11
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17.               1£/jh
*w- Ntf W**<
LrngaO^n that would ntherwisr sit an the soil and prolong surface watrrlogginp and prevent or restrict cropping Great care is needed in rhe design of drainage gradients to avoid erosion; graced waterways may be considered,
As part of die I risibility studies irrigation trials on vertisols have been earned out using a specially coimnisslancd apparatus comprising a 20 m by 2.0 m sred box 0.7 m high sunk mlo the VemsciL A sliding door allowed crack observation. Vegetation was kept ciosek cropped. Cycles of water application and crack formation to 0.6 m depth were observed. Results are documented in rhe JmZ Isntd L j' f c"’ SmMl^ supplementary report and summarised below in Table 4-14 and indicate that irrigations of (up tn) about 210 mm at 30 day intervals or 16' nun at 21 day intends arc likely to be suitable for reasonably deep rooted crops (such as mature sugarcane), while irrigation* ot (up lo) about H5 mm at about 10 day intervals is more suitable for medium-shallow rooted crops16.
' 'able 4-14; Test Remits for Irrigation of Vertisols
w
To impale to 0.6,04 and 0.2 m
Aanount
Frequency
0.5    cm    crack at depth of:
Water intake, 1
(4 mi)
Water intake, 1/ha
Water in take,
mm
neplctinn, days
06m
7fi5
1.96 mil bon
196
28
0.4 m
636
1-59 million
159
20
0.2 m
377
0.94 fTulhon
‘M
11
c 4-6: Plot of Re anils of Test for Irrigauoti of Vertical*
ippt'an rather high,  but perhaps,  iHs indicates that if trequmr impHxwi arc required ih<-n rmp water rcquircn3rFli;a -ynll 1 ubsUnmU<i irnrrajc, presumably due lo rvjp.>rarirti frutn like stwl surface rather than from crop u«c.
,in  tXvdupmrnr (1
75
P-May-1 1R&Hrtf
’■l'I"alrr «*’n’T®
X** In^rtrw
Ptyrtf
#. >. /
< .'wdritWtfJ tfwf Rrt'Dflr.ffrf*iij/ww.r
It is not pnctxalk possible on Large irrigation schemes to provide exactly the nght quantity Qf
WG
to crops, or to apply small quantities on a daily basis. However it is important t   p |
0 a   p y
roughly appropriate quantities at appropriate intervals,
The   challenge   for   Upper   Beks   will   be   to   meet   demands   of   such   disparate   crops.   &om   mature
sugarcane   on   vertisols   where   irrigation   intervals   of   30   days   arc   appropriate,   through   maize   and
soybean   requiring   irrigations   at   about   20   day   intervals,   to   vegetables   w   here   frequent   irngationi
of   7.   |0   days   are   needed   Young   cane   and   recently   sown   grain   crops   also   need   pre-wetting   md
frequent irrigation? until establishment
For large schemes routmnal supply of irrigation water and fixed interval irrigation?! arc
appropriate, but to accommodate crop demands, three different irrigation intervals arc
proposed as tabulated below. The depths supplied arc those available to the crop Supply to
farm fields would be greater depending on application and conveyance efficiencies.
T a blc 4kl5; Suggested Nel Irrigation Application* (hr Various Crops in the D ry Sr as on
Nr
Crop type / ^tagt of growth
Day of Month Roution
Dayi of the Week
Rotation
Rotation
Period (days)
Depth
(min)
Rotation
Period (day*)
Dcpdi
(mm)
1
For recent})' sown grain crops and for ihillaw rooting crops such as vcgriMble* grown on the upland (red) chy soils
10 dap
40-60
7 days
30-45
2
For established grain crops such as mane and sovIkjui grown on the upland (red) clay suite
20 days
70 110
14 days
50-80
3
For young cane grown on the black cracking vcrtiiols
10 diyi
50 ’0
7 daw
35 60
4
For sugarcane grown on the black cracking vertiwh
30 days
150-210
2B days
140-200
During the w season, irrigation would be supplementary and could probably be on a semi
demand basis.
l-bFaSrOlbl^D
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Nit M-**' W P'am*' ft*rf
PLANNING process, framework and irrigation layout PRACTICALITIES
£/dn/vx0X Proce‘*/; lmg*don ^vtbpnim
The irrigated agriculture development planning process for Upper Belts comprises several
steps, including
L Delineation of extent of project area based on physical characteristics, particularly land suitability for irrigation (surface or pressure) and pracncxlitv of commanding the suitable land (Note in Upper Beks water resources do not limit irrigation
development through reservoir storage may be required);
it Zoning of the project area into a number of zones (stage development areas, SDAs) according to broad social and physical china ensues, such as extent of existing mnfed cropping, land slopes and topography, sods and surtibilitr for irrigation. The SDA boundaries usually follow natural drainage lines so as lo coincide with imganon hydraulic unit bciundanes;
in Consideration of nnn-irrigation land use requirements, for example for environment conservation and enhancement, (communal) livestock grazing, fuel wood and for homesteads / settlements. (Note within the project area it is unlikely to be practical to strive for a balance between population and grazing / fuel wxxxd requirements However homestead / settlement areas and the environment will require some minimal land allocanofi even if this comes at the expense of maximising irrigable land area);
rv. Determination of the with-projcct land use for each SDA and for the project area as a whole, including irrigable areas, settlements, and important environmental habitats such a-s rivertne comdors17;
v. Identification of I-and Utilisation Types (LUTs) for the irrigation command area based
on social and physical charaaensues aa well as cost and environmental considerations and government policy / view?;
vl Planning the phased development of the command area depending on the variety and
area of LUTs. nsks and implement a non capacity, and
vii.         Statement of irrigated agriculture development options and the development intent for the srhernc-
Once the development intent is accepted bv stakeholders, feasibility assessments and preliminary engineering designs can continue with layouts finalised for irrigation, drain age, road and flood protection systems as required, scheme operation considered and suitable (compatible) infrastructure identified and designed, and institunonal and implementation arrangements formulated.
Tic process of LUT delineation, central to the planning process, is illustrated below, Figure 5-1.
A land Mhcation (>ptmussaiKKi Model was used io help drlaxair with project bud inc, refer SR 02B Irrigated Atfnculrure 4k Afpv-ccoootBic Dciid*.ifwrwTir Plan-fling
Lb P4 i^roih |
&D Dmkmmrni (I)
T'
17 May-11r f' jrrjJ PrrwuWr RtfehF »/ hjhtipi/i. Miftirtry tfWrtrr & L*erw Lihiaf^iii \i'Jf Irn&baif jxdtfna^f PrwJ
Figure 5-1: Selection of Land Utilisation Type
r
Soil. types & depihs
Topography Land
slopes. shape and
hrukrnnes?
Water quality
Management
smallholder nr
nwinwrtij] firm
Cost,     Economic     A Environmental Consideration*
I
Application
Method:
Surface or
Pressure
J
♦
Population density of
pwpulanon and use of
existing land
Government
Policy A Views
l^nd
Type
Management
Method:
Legal/traditional rights
Smallholder,
of rurrml users
Out-grower nr
Existing practice!
Commercial
incidence of irngatzun
Farm
52
527
Phnnin^ Fufncwri
In/rvdkrftvf:
Hie current number of (rural] farming households wjthm the project area is estimated ar about Hl (80. 7*. persons). ! lowrver the population is increasing rapidly, particularly a round
l’ aWr. Fcndlka anti W«k Med,. partlv fa. lp0nllneoQJ 
*7 tn search of jobs and agnail tv ral based in^oods, tndudmg [and to 
of bod|css voulll bto
ex tens nr herd-
ofonlc   As   a   mult   wmc   of   the   resettlement   vdhges   first   established   under   the   Tana-Beles pro)Cct (1985-carly 1990s) m P,wc WOTri
The IIpper Belt, valley  is now also  .iuKttUg  private mvestors. with two  large lease agreements
recently agreed for ruga, cane (17,400 fc) and totto„ culnvi|Ion (up (o 
adjaccni to the project area. These two pro^s wouid emplo, hrge numbers of (mostly
ha) m anj
seasonal', labour for cane euneng / cotton poking. For example, labour for cane turnng would number about 1H.0CMJ based on 1 hi cane/pej^na
Careful   with-project   bind   use   dclmcauor!
agnoallural development « reeled w .c^ZX“ XI eonflset It /noted tha/tbe rej^^^
*'
' * nunib« of people in die MetcW
•fhtf Mettled rrgm-n i< the old twtf for rhe mcb tn ind an!Unj
1-4 StOlb l&i> Drvdopmrtit (IJ
. ■-» * <.<• J1,,         ffc**3*^ ’
■ FjSW Wv ■-’          A,'WJ
'
region   under   the   Tana-Bries   project   caused   some   conflict   between   rhe   indigenous   people   and settler*1 *-
]n this section the adopted planning  Lramrwork is presented including  land use planning  norms allocations) and allocation priorities, as well as considerations for management of irrigable land and suitable irrigation management / application options
Ilie   legal   framework   for   irrigation   development,   as   well   as   irrigation   development   practices   arc presented in Chapter 2-
Lfiiiw/C/j?
.Y#rwj / XF/AikrZtpffJ
In   planning   land   use   the   areas   of   Land   required   by   (existing)   smallholder   tamers   for   the following should be taken mtn considentjon
« Settlements / Homesteads;
« Envuonmenr preservation and enhancement;
*       Irrigated agriculture,
■ t.ummanal livestock grazing,
•       Energy (fuel wood); and
♦       Infrastrucrure.
Suggested planning norms for smallholder End use allocaDons are tabulated below. Table 5-1. Table 5-1: Typical planning norma for land use aDocationa
Ni
Land Ear
AJfocaboo
Remarks
1
Settlement?
-
Existing set dement areas (townships) will be mapped, and expumcn may be allowed foe.
A suitable area for the large commercial (sugarcane) estate buddings (factory. housing etc) will be idcnbfted wnthm the commercial estate xiea.
1
He lines reads
02D WHH
For rural households engaged in agriculture as their main form of livelihood, the settlement am is for housing,
live stock tethenng. for a kitchen garden and foe some trees wood ,■ shade / fruit, etCJ
2
Environment incSuding iurur£ forest areas
To comprise the existing npanan forest along streams and
1
rivers as well as some (shrub , woodland on (our of command hills, The will conserve flora and fauna biodiversity
3
SmalDioLdcr
irrigated faam
0.10 -KMJha /HH
The irrigated holding adopted for planning purposes would generally be lower than the existing rain fed holdings, requiring those households with user rights over relatively large areas to give up some of ihrir land. The minimal area of End allocated to Landless should be 0.1 hl-
'
ccw   u
” h Mon MacDonald Drift Final Report Volume I - Mam Report, I’ana Bclw Integrated Waler Resources Prr^ 2^. p 4!>
il5R4Sd}ih
])CVr(l h
17-May 11Nr
Land Vie
Allocation _
Remarks
4 (
Zommunai rvtstock grazing inds
04 • 05 ha per HH
The l»nd lllocatcd to (communal) grazing
will depend on land prtsitirn and population ^
gro   h
5
Woodlots to
meet
smallholder energy needs
0.1-0.2h»
prelections A shortfall within the project area of w    |
(Xx
communal grazing is anticipated, to be met by "impo^. outside the area, change in livestock management in |
c udj|]
imgatcd pasture / cut & cany fodder, etc
It is anncipaced that fuel wood requirements may be at partially met be planting of trees (eucalyptus; along road, mam canals in the protect area as well as in areas not suitibL fot irnganon / grazing
i------ 6
Commercial irrigated turns
Expected to be about
40.000 ha
Large commercial (sugarcane) development is propel Government in Upper Bclcs The smallholders will require about 20.000 ha land based on an average irngable pared allocation of 1 ha/HH. leasing about 40.000 lor commeraij development The boundaries of a large commercial estate wj be determined from consideration of: (i) existing land use fa Land currtnilv not farmed lay smallholders); di) soil types fa pnotity will be to allocate vertisols to estate farms and the more easily workable luvisols to smallholder farmers).
7
Scheme Infrastructure
of gross irngsble area
Land take for irrigation A drainage channel*. field tricks, all weather roads and night storage reservoirs
8
Terracing
- red day loam
sods
5% of gruss irrigable area
---------------------------------------------------------—-------------------
Bench terracing envisaged foe slopes from 1 12*«- For stable soils, le red Jar loams, steep bund back slopes are possible
- black cracking vertisols
15% of gross
irngable area
Bench terraong cnvuagrd for slopes from 3 8% For un stable / erosive sods, ic vecusols shallow bund back slopes are necessarr
9
NonimgalUe arras ind arris not vet isxJr lor
1 environmental | reasons
J
.\reas out of command, or otherwise not suited to irngated agriculture development (eg shallow sods. < Im and / of steep slopes), ire proposed as communal grazing lands / woodloti, commercial plantations and/or, in SDAs where there is no irrigation foe unaDliolder ranted cropping      —-
. »u TTJ CJM1. I*-11 tlrvrkinmeilt '1)
Ml
«iL ^„J Utt MW& P^nt^
in   applying   [^c     pl*Bn,n8   norms   the   high   level)   principles   ind   priorities   detailed   in   Table   5-2   ire adopted require that:
•       Lind allocations to preserve and maintain the environment and i reasonable
biodiversity have die highesi pnorrty, and
*       To munmise the economic and financial return to the project, land considered sinied
to irrigated agriculture (from assessment of soils md land slopes)» and winch can be
practically commanded by an irrigation system would br allocated for this use. in
preference to being used for other purposes such as plantations or communil grazing
Rescttlemcar of smallholder* under the project would mostly likely include (i) moving farmers
from the proposed comrncraaJ estate areas and from the reservoir area; and (ii) exchange /
allocation of land to enable consolidation of land holdings as well as allocations of irrigable land
parcels to each famers according to agreed catena For example a minimal irrigated land
holding for landless is proposed, while existing farmers with had hokfingn would receive
irrigable allocations related to existing holdings Soil type and / or fertility would also be taken
into account with larger parcel allocations of Vrmsols than for Luvisols
In   general,   Vertisols   will   be   allocated   to   commercial   farming   (to   commercial   sugar),   and   the   red- brown clayey 7 .uvisols to smallholders
The    numbers    of    smallholders    adopted    for    planning    purposes    are    the    suiting    numbers    inc    traced bv a factor representing a reasonable population growth in the short / medium term
Table 5-2; High level land ulc planning principles: priority of land allocation
, Priority
Principle
1
AiLotalc  land  neenuxy  io  conserve  existing  important  environmental  assets,  and  co  maintain a rexsoruble level of tnndrvcrwlE >
2
Allocate Land to uses that will maximise the economic and financial return to the project- Thus all land considered soiled to irrigated agriculture (from the assessment of sods and land slopes) and which can be sensibly commanded by an irrigation system will be aUncated for irrigation use, in preference to allocating for other uses such as grazing-
It is also recognised that wiLhin lirhiopu large waJe imallhoklrr irrigation is rehtrvdy new. bin (hat there is a good track record of large scale cnrrunercial imgation, particularly for sugarcane. Corrtmeraal irrigation (sugarcane) development is therefore seen u having a much Lower risk than smallholder development and any irrigable land nor needed for existing smillhokkn (see ptioniT 3) will therefore be allocated tocommeroaJ farming.
3
Meet rhe requirement! of rusting irrudlhoidrn within dx project area. Thu means allocating land to meet their lhon/mediurn term needs for settlement / homentcid areas and irrigation. Communal grazing and woodlore requirement will be considered bui will not cake pnoniy over allocated land for Lnagatrnn. This means (hat in certain SDAi and in rhe project area as a whole there mar be a shortage of fuel wood and grazing land (sec die /nifaffd /Ignnr^vrr untf
Dmisp^rrtf                    report;.
^HScOlb
lirvelopmcnT fl)
fll
17-May 11FtdM                K/fafe.* ff Ef/wpta.          9f^Mr c* /’■*£)
EPwpftn Ndr huaw and Drwuft P’w-
This prionmed approach to allocation of land suitable for irrigation directly addf
Project Goals, Water Resources Management Policy and Ixgal Framework for ** development desenbed previously. It seeks to promote industrial agriculture led balanced with sustainable smallholder development, the latter being based on
growth needs of the existing population together with a modest IrvrJ of
£2.4           Land I Itifoatmi Tyj*J for Ivnpten
As illustrated above on Figure 5-1, the land utilisation types are broadly defined according to j method of irrigation, surface or pressure (spunkier), and (ii) management arrangements, smallholder, commercial or out-grower, giving six possible LlTTs:
•      LUT 1- Surface irrigation, smallholders
•      LUT 2- Surface irrigation, small, medium and large scale enterprises
•      LUT 3- Surface irrigation, out-growers
•      LUT 4- Pressure lmganon, smallholders
•      LUI 5- Pressure irrigation, small, medium and large scale enterprises
•      LUT 6- Pressure irrigation, out-growers
large scale commercial fanning is expected lo dominate irrigation in the project area, with a large sugarcane estate likely to extend over about 40.000 ha of the irrigable area In addition small io mrdium scale commercial enterprises are viable and some seven organisations already exist occupying about 2,500 ha, though it is known that not all land is cultivated and some of the lease agreements may be suspended / cancelled. These estates may apply irrigation by pressure (sprinkler) of surface furrow / bums.
Smallholder farms arc likely io be non mechanised on the lighter red-brown luvisol sods, but in need of part-mechanisation on vertisols where they will require support to prepare seedbeds, plough and form irrigation furrows m these heavy clay soils. Commercial enterprises would be mechanised as far as possible, certainly for land preparation and cultivation.
Out-growers growing commercial crops (sugarcane, under agreement with lhe large commerrid estate are a further 1-Ul, with the estate purchasing lhe crop, taking care of marketing and providing support for land forming and land preparation. Widespread mierest amongst smallholder farmers may not be forthcoming but would depend on the terms and condition* offered / imposed
Imgition apphonon method, stable fa, i; p« 
p       couJd ather
of pfcS5Urr
tmgioon Prcture urigatxtn u techmcaUy ™ble on both flat sloplng bod, up to .bout !2%, while turf.ee tmptxm (wtthout Und fnnnjn(t, u ooly Commended on flat or gently sJoptng Und up to 3%. but up to W. (8% Vennoh) wuh bench tenaong Prrssurc Legation » mo,, likely to be ..tr.cuvc to commercul farms who on mobihx necessarv forego exchange lor spate pan., and .f the required pressures can be generated by gnvm,
Pressure irrigation for smallholder farmers (LIT 6l wn<iU « • l. *.
* 
,
*             Uoukj not he stable unless introduced into
the area by commercial companies. and then potentially in ihr
rhe technologs la iamibar                                                                                                   7
,
,\
m the longer term (15 years 4-) when
'
Uh F4 SiOlb I At l Drs-dojwnau (1)
82
I Iw f^*w Pn"‘’
/myr*f,o° £ww  FwctralfcM
r
Ijtfta&Kfti*
After completion of soils and topographic surveys detailed lrngauon (and drainage) layouts were prepared io include die greatest possible proportion of suitable soils The layout is heavily influenced by topography (less so for pipeline distribution - see below), with canals aligned
Jong ndges and drainage making maximum use of existing streams and overs Rectangular layouts were adopted as much as possible to facilitate efficient irrigation and mechanisation and the command is broken up into main, branch, secondary and ternary hydraulic units to facilitate operation and maintenance
CdW
Command hydraulic units are the budding blocks for system operation and maintenance, defining irrigation (and drainage) boundaries and jurisdiction for smallholder and commercial farm instirurions concerned with operation and maintenance. In line with government policy, full recovery of O&.M costs from users is expected, through irrigation (and drainage) waler
r barges.
Suggested sixes for command hydraulic units, along with canal categories and indicative discharges and areas are tabulated below, Table 5-3 l-argc commercial farms would extend over several secondary units
Table 5-3: Category of Irrigation Canals
Cjimmmrl
Hydraulic
Unit
Nr
Cittjwy
■M* Canal
Indicative
Disc bar ge
(«•/■)
Indicative
Area
(M
Indicative
Lengllii (m)
O&M
Inxtirurimi
1
Main
5.0-50
5,000
30.000
As required (with 
halanc trig mervnir
System WVB / Commercial
2
Maun Unii
Branch
1.5 5.0
] rOOO-
SjOflO
storage;
Finn(s)
3
Secondary
L’riit
Secondary
0.5 —3.0
400
1,200
1.000 _4.onn
Secondary WUA / Cnrruncrcral
Firm
4
Ternary Unit
Tertiary
30-60 l/i
30 60
400 800
Ternary WUA
3
Quaternary 
Unit
Field
Charnel
15-301A
is - in
400 R00
Tmgator group
5
Field
Furrows / Basin i
-
*               Lwrif nW Apr 3‘rtf
Lw/
Pressure pipeline layouts arc relatively free from topographic constraints, able to convey water
up and down-slope and minimising pipeline lengths. While the drainage system layout is based
°  existing gullies, streams and men form the same broad hydraulic units as for a canal system,
n
command itself is typically divided into pressure zones, each commanded by a high point, ithin each pressure zone, the command is divided up into rough)v equal hydraulic units.
1*0 I*CVrknwn™ fl-I
1? Mar I Ifriwpue N/> /mjw^ca ad Df*** /’^
typically 200 ha m «* These hvdiaulic unit would be supplied by a hydrants / llp njCR
the buned pipeline system.
For a pressure irrigation options within the large commercial farm area in I ppa Bcfe
hose sprinkler magarion is proposed, and the hydrants would be located along the buned
mains supplying water to hand-move laterals and thence drag hoses. Each lateral would typM irrigate about 5 ba
in planning pipe system layout the following principals should be observed:
•      Balancing storage should be provided at bulk supply point* to pressure zones.
•      Within pressure zones, the long supply pipelines, mains and sub-mams, etc. should be aligned down-slope, so that pressure distribution along the pipeline, and at each hydnn* offtake, arc minimised. The hand-move laterals would typically be aligned across slope (te near horizontal ground^ The short. Typically 36 m long, drag hoses would be aligned up and down-slope, sec Figure 5-2-
•      On farm layout and access should be rectangular to extent practicable to facilitate fmn operations, and mechanisation
Figure 5-2: Typical On-farm Sprinkler Layout
Suggested S17CS for command hydraulic units, along with plpehne categories and indicative discharges and areas are tabulated below, Table S-4.
[’b F4 JirOlb IAcD DcvcJopmmi (I)
i7-AbyTsible -M; Gueg*»*y of Irrigation Pipeline*
Nr
CouMtod
Hydraulic
Unit
Category of
Pipeline
Indicative
Discharge
(m’/t)
Indicative
Area
<T*J
--------------------
ladicatpc
Pipeline
Length
(m)
O&M l m tins non
________
1
Trunk Main
5.0-50
5.000
30,000
A® required (with
System WUF 1 Jiyc / Medium Commercial Farm
2
Main Unit
Enoch Mun / Main
15 5,0
1,000-
3,000
balmting rttervcMf storage;
3
Secondary
Unit
Sub-main
0.125
200
1,000
4,000
Secondary WUA / Small Commercial Firm
4
Ternary
Unit
Ternary WUA / pur of commercial farm
5
Quaternary Units
JjiTcraJ (25-
3’  diameter)
1
41/s per
lateral
25(5.5)
500 600
Farmer Tm gator grnup /
part of commercial farm
6
Field Units
Drag buses to sprinkler*
0.5 1/t
0.65
36
Fanners part of
commeroal farm
f. 3.4 Land Fnz^wraflj/HMr c> ImgpfaNt
Within the Upper Bries Study Area of 137,626 ha there ire up to 74,784 ha (54%) of land suitable (S2 or S3) or conditionally suitable fN I) for surface lrngation. and up to 76,026 ha (55%) for pressure (sprinkler) irrigation, see Section 3.3 ind Figure 3-9.
I"hc Project Area extends over 138,157 ha and has boundaries similar to the Study Area, The proportion of suitable or conditional suitable ungabk Land vines for each stage development area. 1110 land suitability map, shown on Figure 3-9, shows that the higher proportions of suitable irrigable land is on the right hank, particularly to the south nf Fcndika on the Derr bay plain. On the left bank the suitable land lies largely west of Werk Meeh on the Wcrk Me da plain. In SDA V in the south of the study (& project) area the suitable land is lughly fragmented, lying along ndges between the nvers.
Substantial areas of contiguous suitable land ire usually sought if irrigation scheme? arc to be developed cost effectively and economically, Irrigation intensities of ’’0*80% or higher are preferred with typical lower limits of 30-50%
Areaa with low irrigation intensities reflect highly dissected and fragmented terrain with many a null parcels of land. These would be uneconomic to develop due io high unit area construction costs for irrigation and dr image infrastruemre, for iand forming and for conservation works. Areas with an irrigation intensity of 30% or Jess arc considered appropriate and unacceptable for irrigation developmcnt-
^pplying a lower limit of about 30%, means chat the following four (sub) stage development all o  the left bank, do nu t have sufficient areas of irrigable land and arc excluded from
n
irrigation development:
UhF4Srtlh!adJ
^evdopmenr (11
17 May-11Fidrna Dabrun. pjbtofuo Nti
of Pthtofu. Mnutry ef Vater & P.orrg tod [>rao^ Profit
•
IVB-E(N);
•
1VB-E(S);
•
IVGEjand
•
V-S.
SDA IVA and SDA V(N) with intensities of about 30% and 35% respectively arc nur^j f irrigation development, but are both currently included
The SDAs excluded from irrigation development are however proposed for inclusion within the project, with efforts to support rain fed agricultural and soil and water conservation programmes Such efforts will stabilise the boundaries of the irngable area, and reduce the to resettle farmer tn these SDAs onto irngable land
5.1) Kiri Posed b) Impton and Ranted Croppy within a siqk Hydw/tc ('mt
°r
With low lmgaoov. intensities within some SDAs and hydraulic units, there is the temptatioo to propose imgadon for the suitible soils (usually found along the ndges where canals are aligredi and rainfed cropping on the unsuitable (N2) shallower soils found down-slope off the ndges
'Ihis poses a high nsk that farmers of rainfed land will take water for dry-season irrigation, causing water shortage downstream ind also leading to soil loss and degradation. For this reason with-projcct land use plinning should not allow for irrigation and rainfed cropping within a single SDA or hydrauhe unit. Such N2 lind should be allocated to pasture or forestry
5. 1 6       Exutini Ran fed C.rvpiand
Existing small scale rainfed (arming extends over about 44,459 ha (31% of the Project Area) and is concentrated around the settlement areas of Fendika, \Xerk Meda and Pawe, see Figure
310
About 3?% of tlw rainfed culrivatwo u on land considered to be unsuitable for surface ungated farming Thu land is other steeply sloping (> 12%; > 8% for Vcrtlsola) er.Micd or with
0.6 tn; soil. Izrw intenuty rainfed cropping is obviously possible and farmers have onto these at-nsk lands but without the resources and skills to apply the conservauon
measures needed to alleviate potentul damage There is bespread evidence of sod loss and degrsdanon in these areas, particularly in SDA TV-C and SDA V, see Section 3.4
There is in on going nsk that current erosion processes in these areas will continue and derp^0 and progronvdv spread to adjacent areas Two planning principles and line! zoning have 1**° adopted with regard to secunng this land in the long-term in order io protect financial investment in developing land suitable for irrigation, vis:
• Where these "at-nsk" lands are within SDAs where imgatx>n is proposed and would therefore pose a future threat io sustainable irrigation within these SDAs where invatmeni in impugn n io be made, the preferred planning approach is to offer the* farmers alternative h'elihoods and allocate land and resettle them in the irrigate command area, rhese "at nik” areas would then be converted to other land uses including woodiota, controlled grazing or forestry, and be sublet to a full range of *od
(Jb F4 SrO1 b I Ad> 1 fwocnt (1)
_ 111W M*™* rfWprw^r
and water conservation measures including soil and stone bunds, grass »mp, cut-off drains. grassed waterways, gully stabilisation, drainage line stabilisation and closure
• Where the 4,ar-tisk lands are outside SDAs where irngaoon is proposed such rain-fed farming is unlikely to spread and threaten irrigation investment and options for development are: (l) either rain-fed agnculrurc would be lUowed to continue but under the full range of soil and water conservation interventions listed above, or (ii) these farmers would also be re settled to irrigation areas and these areas converted to other usr such as wnodlots, controlled grazing or forestry
frnfejjwv of I                 Ljwj/
In limited areas and due to  the inherent tragtuentatinii of Land,  the inclusion of small parcels of
"unsuitable N2  land within secondary  and Tertiary  irrigation canal networks is unavoidable for
practical reasons.  This approach would be earned out where (i) small parcels of unsuitable land
separate areas of suitable land fa 
uf an fmgfain JNflp/} .ana/, or (ii) (he boundaries
r
For  planning  purposes  an  upper  limit  of  about  8%  of  ihc  gross  irrigable  area  has  been  accepted for mdusinn of these (N2) lands.
5- J / CiMffflwraa/ Fan*j LafUl C&ufaratMHJ
Large scale commercial irrigated sugar cane development is proposed for Upper Belts where soil and land is suitable. In both commercial and pracncal Icmn large field sues arc requued for sugar cane production. A minimum size of 5-10 ha has been adopted for Upper Beks. JueJd widths are also important lo accommodate irrigation canals, cm-farm roida and allow mechanised farm operations. A minimum land width of about 200 m has therefore been adopted. Thus where peripheral Lands are less than 5-10 ha, or fingers of Land arc (piedommantlv) narrower (han 200 m this land his been excluded from command.
of  suitable  areas  have  incursions  of  small  fingers  of  unsuitable  Land  which,  if  excluded,  wouhl compromise on-farm irrigation and drainage canal layouts making them more expensive.
On these ‘'included" lands investment would be made in necessary (rectamatton) Hulk earthworks involving cut and fill (provided sod depths arc sufficient) prior to any necessary land conservation w orks. involving grading or terracing
ri'■
R~J5.. ftpaM?                        Minttn if Filer&E*fp
P  N’Jr /^M’ '“' P'“M!'
<ir*«f*** ‘
irrigation layout and with-project land use
Project Area and Main Irrigation Sytrem Layout
tn^Mdran
Within the Study Area of 137.626 ha there are up to 74 JB4 h* (54%) of land mitablc (S2 or S3) or conditionally suitable (N1) for surface irrigation, and up to 76.026 ha (55%) for pressure
I'spnnkler) irrigation. Io command « much of this suitable / condtrianaJJy suitable land as possible, the nght and left bank Main (new) contour canali were carefully aligned. with sufficient head-losses for the many cross drainage structures as well as for required cross rcgulaior’  and balancing reservoirs*  Due to quite steep cross slopes and shallow depth to rock for most of the canals alignments lined prism sections are envisigrd.
Following fixing of the left and right bank Main canal alignments !«c below) T the irrigation Surface and pressure) layouts were prepared in accordance with considerations detailed above
in Section 5.3. These included maximizing the possible irrigable area subject to
4
1
• 
I .jmi unp irngaiion of vertisol? tn 8% (suffice irrigarkjfi) and 12% (pressure spunkier
irngauonj. and
• 
1 .uniting irrigation of non-vcrtisols to 12% (both surface A pressure sprinkler
irrigation); and
• 
Excluding isolated areas of fragmented land that cannot be economic allv / practically
commanded and /or land which cannot be commanded.
The  1:100.000  scale  irrigation  layout  map  (AL)  is  attached  to  ibis  report  aai  A3  size,  and  shown nn Figure 6’4,
4. /.2                    Bs/fifi Aforff Cdna/
The right main canal has to pass through / dose to Frndilu (Jawi) where a bifurcation structure
is located to supply water to I lyma (Upper Ehndir). Ihe first of several balancing reservoirs will
also be constructed near Fcndika The ground Level and required canal full supply level at
Fendika is about +1,230 m. The canal distance from the bifurcation structure tn the Divernon
weir is about 30 km
rhe concrete diversion weir / micro-dam foe Right Mam Canal is currently under construction
by the ADSWE at about 2458OOE. 1290000N, The Upper Beks riverbed level it dm location
is about * 1,233 m and the wen crest will be at about 1,239 m A gated (3 x 3 m wide) hrad
regulator will control flows to the sand trap and right main canal Scour sluice gates are also
proposed. All gates will have cJccmc motor lifting arrangements, with on-sire generation.
lhe ADSWE is expected tn build the nght main irrigation canal from the diversion weir as far as Jawi (Fendika).  In part dur io  funding  constraints an unlined canal is being  constructed,  but certain lengths, including about 3 km in the head reaches, need lining.
brum  Fendika  the  main  canal  drops  about  Win  between  CH  30*000  and  3B*300  dawn  the clCs,rpmrnt onto the bead of the lAcrebay plain at an elevation of about +1,130, see Figure 6-1.
2d p
L cvnuj. ’Hjpp] - -
l  1  n£].|lE;iI
T-
i
f iW dcfidii <if the ptfOiiLui canal alianmmh 17
17 Mar II4      Pn**fl' Pk!*f
ErMpu* Xr* l'W°“  "'
A b«.<h » offuta « a I 3O+5M .upf.ly.ng SDA IB .nd *0 dwp. ov„
„J ta Jo.. *<
development irra21.
P""^1' P"',u" <’!”»“">
» «... ,0#
After dropping on the plain the Main canal traverses the saddle southwest of Fcndika Untll „ reaches higher ground To cross the saddle either a high fill (up lo 6 m of fill) earthen
embankment will be required from CH 38+500 io CH 40+ 500, or an inverted siphon
Downstream of the saddle the Main canal continues along  the contour with cross slope,  (fro:t right to left) varying from about 3-12% and supplying the down-slope secondary canals thar v. aligned on ndges between the interfluves The Main canal ends in SDA IB al CH 100+263
Figure 6-t Ground Level* along Boles Right Bank Main Canal
6.9.3 lsft Rdx4i Afwn Caul
The FSL at the head of the Ixft Main canal lust downstream of the storaec dam will lx about + 1355 m.
The kft Mun canal will follow close to (he contour for the first 50 km as far as the saddle at + 1,33 at 2434001% 12 3100N Cutting through this saddle will reduce the Main canal length 5* iboui 20 km and is proposed, but will require up to 10 m of rock excavation. The FSL would be about + 1332 at this saddle. A number of other shorter cuts through saddles and rock ridges arc proposed.
The left Mam canal then continue, to comnund the \X erk Meda plain at aboul +1.315 m and * large balancing reservoir will be provided at this point The total length of the left Mam canal al»out 130 km and it ends at the head of secondary canals feeding SDA V-N A number of 1*^ inverted siphons arc requited to enable the left Main canal to cross the major side vaUevt.
” -n.cn i. . wnilar dr.
v from J«lhc llmu (Upper 1^<W pl™. the ,t.r tl devd.^mr am.
l^SrfllblAD^daprnrnt (1)
fWl
i- Mav-U-
d/IFW^ Eiinp
(front left to ugh ) typ
The left M*"1 °nal ’’ *U8ned ,lonK the contour for Jmoji a|] of its length with ctoh slopes 1           K4"  varying fmni about ft 406 □ and locally much steeper
v
Figure 6-2: Ground Levels, along Beley Left Bank Mih CanaJ
Branch and Secondary canals of fl iking from ihc .Main canal supply secondary units rommanding irrigable areas of 300 - 600 hi,
f .4 Pms/uv Irrifidtisa (Jptiarrj
Pressure (sprinkler) irrigation systems are proposed as opdons for the following two stage development areas*
•      Area IB pressures zones 1&2 (right bank) with ■ net imgable area of about 7 0fl3 ha of
f
commercial (sugarcane) development;
•       Area 1VB-W pressure zones 1. 2 & 3 (left bank) with a net irrigable area of abour 8,432 ha of commercial (sugarcane) develop menl
Pressures would be developed by gravin’ rrtpunng down-stope pipeline conveyance from header reservoirs supplied by open canals leading from the Main canals. The Trunk or Supply Mains GRP pipeline* would lead io on-farm pressure irrigation systems composing:
•      Branch and SubMain pipelines with control valves and devices comprising buried GRP pipes of various sizes and forming hydraulic units of about 200 ha;
•       I-arerals with quick couplings taking water from die hydrants located along rhe buried GRP Sub-Mains;
•       Brag hoses leading from (3*) aluminium or FLDP hand move laterals to the *pnnkkrs;
and
•       Sprinklers spaced in a rectangular grid and mounted on steel tripods
Sprinkler trngaoon would be practiced about 23 hours each day, with downtime to move pruiklers, and rught storage reservoirs are not therefore required-
Development (I)
91
17-May 11Nli /rr^< Draw Prvytd
Prcnuw (spring imgioon an s*fek be earned out on slopes up to about 12% w,,^ terracing. and results m slightly higher water use efficiencies, refer Chapter 7.
2
6.2         Imgtbk Area and LUTa by Sta^e Development Area
6.2.1        lnfrvdudwn
Following: (i) completion of imgadon liyouts and allocation of suitable land to irrigation development (smallholder and commercial); (») demarcation of the nverinc corridors where nr development is planned due to flooding as well as for environmental reasons; and (w)
identifying major settlements, the remaining land may be allocated to the following uses;
•      Rain fed cropping (only in the four sub-stage areas where irrigation is not planned to mitigate risk of lmgiung non-suitable land);
•      Forestry (commercial / communal / smallholder);
•      Grazing (communal); and
•      Homesteads / additional settlements / buildings, other infrastructure; etc
Optimisation modelling is used to determine a suitable mix between commercial and
smallholder ungabk areas, sec Section 6.3 below, while the balance between rainfed culuviii- n ireas, forestry. grazing and homestead areas is covered in the concerned supplementary
reports . This section is concerned with (he delineation of the net and gross irrigable areas.
6.2.2        Witb-pnjul Ijxnd U* aid Imjpbk Anai b) SDA
Stage Development Areas IVB-E (NdkS), 1VC-E and V-S have too little suitable land lo justify provision of irrigation infrastructure and arc excluded from irrigation development. Smallholder rainfed cropping is envisaged under the Project in these four stage development areas.
With-projcci land use and gross and nei imgabk areas for each SDA are shown on figure 6 5, tabulated in Table 6-2 and summarised below in Table 6-1.
A break up of irrigable areas by land suitability class (k soil type and slope) by both secondin' unit and SDA are tabulated in Annex C
The rrvenne environmental corridor coven a total of 2”^91 ha (19.8% of the project area)
The irrigation intensities given by ratio of net irrigation area to total area, for those SDAs u'hcrr imgauon development is proposed, vary from just 29.9% in FVA in the upper pan of the left bank command to 79.1% for IB-E in the middle of the right bank command The irrigation intensity for the right bank is quite high at 68.4%, but is only 35.1% for the left bank This mdicalev that the unu (irngauon) area development costs for the left bank will probably be
about double thai for the nght bank.
The tool net nation ire. i» 63.871 hi, 46 ?/. of the Projectarea, with 31,509 hi on the ngh< bank and 32362 hi on the left bank
°    Refer    (i)    Imptrd    ^culture    &    ,>imiliw      devrkpmn,.,    flfl      bvruock.    md    lind    A      U„„,beJ    Min**’*"' supplrrnmnry rrpom
Ub H SKHb lacD Development (J)
07ofEO>^.
o/V^r
T  t>te 6-bJPith project Irngjblc Areaa by SPA
a 1 aw,-* ~
SDA
Project
Area
(ba)____
Grat
Irrigable
Area (ha)
Net
Imgabfe
Area (ha)
Irrigation
Intentity
f/e)
Indicative Irrigation Dvrelopneirl
(um
IA_____ __ IB E
13.082
8,638
7.8’9
60.2%
Smallholder A oxamrriul.LUT-1 & -2
8,667
7.424
6.853
79.1%
i
I jrge soak rucnmerciaJ fanning (pressure / > surface): LUT 2 or LLT 5
IB W
IB S
III
9.035
7,609
6.966
77.1%
2.593
1.612
1.4)0
54.4%
Liiyc teak  crxnmefcii] farming  (surface):
LUT 2
12.5U6
9,494
8,400
662%
Smallholder A commernal. LUT-1 A -2
Snb-mtal
46,063
34,777
31309
68.4%
IVA
9,731
33+ri
2,909
29.9%
SrnalihoklEr A commcrcLil. LUT 1 A -2
IVBE-N
9,356
None
nun s
4.850
-
-
None
TVBW 1
4.355
2.33 B
2,139
49.1%
rvw - 2
3,1 KI
1,926
1.746
54.9%
large  scale  commercial  farming  (pressure  / surface): LUT 2 or LUT 5
IVBW 3
6.0.15
3,023
2,746
45 5%
IVC N
23,056
15,256
13,904
60.?%
Smallholder A CDmcncraaf LUT-1 A 2
IVC E
8,187
-1
-
None
IVC-S
10,469
5,926
5, Ml
50.9%
Smallholder Kurfirc irrigation, LUT 1
V-N
7,018
2.726
2.457
35.0%
Smallholder surface loigarion, LUT-1
V-W
2242
1,140
1,018
45.4%
vs
3.5U)
-
~ 1
None
Sub-tood
92,094
35,674
32402
33.1%
Total
L3BJ57
70,451
63,871
4622%
The envisaged land utilisation types (k farm management and wiier application method) arc
also given in Tahir 6-1 above A single large commercial sugarcane estate with surface or
pressure sprinkler application of water ii envisaged for SDAs IB and IVB. The required
pressures for sprinkler ippbotlon would Ik generated by gravity (.ommeroal farm
development is also envisaged alongside smallholder farms in SDAs LA, IVA and [A'C- N.
In  die  southern  part  of  the  left  bank  in  IVC-S  and  VAT  only  smallholder  surface  irrigation  is proposed  In  the  remaining  SDAs.  ic  m  IA  and  III  on  the  right  bank  and  m  VAX'  on  the  left bank both smallholder and commercial surface imganon is envisaged.
The rationale behind rhe dnTSion of land between commcrtial estates and smallholder farms and dcUncarion of a central or “epfr” sugarcane estate area is presented below in Section 6.3.
IfclJ -------------------------- ,,
17-May 1I
9f UhfHA.          tfWatrr C Esrrp
zlhofUM Nik I'nynti Jtfif f>Mrwugr Prr^t
Table 6-2: Irrigable, Riverine and Non-Irtigabk Area* by SDA
V.
SDA
Groat
Irrigable
Area
(ha)
H.638
Net Irrigable Area (ha)
Total
Net
Irrigable
Area
7.879
6.851
'34  Potf—ential
Total
Area
(h«)
*
Conun ere
ial Estate
(Sugar)
4.1 B
6.853
6,966
1.410
Expan
sion
Estate
Riverine
Environment
al Corridor*
(ha)
12.35.
10.7%
6.966       10O-.
1.410
8.400
31.509
68 43*
2.900
2 2%
13^%
493%
6.4%
10”%
10.9%
2.2%
Small
holder
Farm n
3/66
9.494
34.777
!3.5%
49.4%
3.755
3.755
5.9*/.
5.9%
4.645
M11
18 3%
7.3%
Non-
Irrigable
Area
5.024
687
787
575
1.879
6,952
1S.T%
4.386
7.4J76
2,760
1.193
630
1.001
U.0%
19%
1.5%
i 8%
l.P
8.3%
12 0%
20.5%
7 6%
3.3%
1.7%
2 7%
1.418
5 2%
13,082
9 5%
558
2 0* •
8.667
6.3%
639
2.3%
9.035
6 5%
407
13V.
2.593
1.9%
1.311
4 8%
12,686
9.2%
4332
15.9%
46,063
333V.
9.4%
100%
rVBE(Nl
IVBE(S
IW-I
fVBW-2
IVBW-3
IVC-N
rvc e
rvc-s
VS
Left
19443 | 303%
420%
2.154
2,139
1/46
13.2%
2.004
6.7%
9.731
7.0%
1.880
6.3%
9356
6.8%
2.090
7.0%
4.850
33V.
824
2 8%
4,355
3.2V.
624
2.1%
3.180
23V.
2/46
13.984
2.457
32462
4.3%
21 9%
2/46
8.097
4 3%
12.7%
2.011
6.7%
6,035
4.4V.
5.H87               92%               2,393             6.6%
5,407
18.1%
23,056
16.7%
4.856
2.791
13.3%
7.7%
3331
11.1%
8.187
5.9%
1,018
8 4%
3.8%
0.0%
1,807
6.0%
10,524
7.6V.
2.657              7.3%
1,635
5.5%
7.018
5.1V.
414
1.4%
2342
35,674
38.7%
70,451
51 OK
1.6%
50.6%
0   50.7%
16,882
18.3%
36,225
26.2%
26 4%
56.7%
930
3.1%
3,560
2.6%
22,958
76.8%
Total
100% 63.B71
46.2%
92,094
66.7%
100%
4,773
3.5%
1.6%
7.5%
5.361
2.457
14.461
15’%
22,872
166%
22.6%
35.8%
 688
2,630
33,460
36.3’ •
40,412
29.3%
1.9%
7 2%
91.7%
100%
_________24.9%
100%
27,291
100%
138,157
” 100%
19.8%
100.0% j
J^~Evrtj
Pn/tK^t
^fL'jr/w^A              LmJ Wltil’a Nft [fTlfirbit Arra
As f« ■* possible the irrigirion layouts were prepared to mictmuc the area of unsuitable land
within the irrigation area. while including as much as possible of (he surtabic (S) and
conditionally suitable (Nl) land Table 6 3 below tabulates for each SDA the sod categories fie
vertisol/ luvisol & slope), as well as the proportion of special measure and unsuitable (N2) sods
included in the pOM trrigahlc lrt*.
For the right bank the irrigable command area covering 34,777 ha (gross) comprises the
following
•      5S 3% Vertosols With <3% slopes;
«     1            Vertosols with 3-8% slopes,
•       16.1 % Red Lirvisob with <3% slopes;
•      4.6% Red Luvtsols. with 3- l2f/» slope'
•      0.7% speoal measure soils; and
•      7,9% unsuitable (N2) sods.
Terracing will lie therefore be required for at least 6,050 ha, 17% of the gross nghr bank
command area (ie excluding any terracing required for special measures / unsuitable soils), and
possibly over as much as 8,890 ha, 26%.
For the left bank the irngable command area covering 35.674 ha (gross) comprises similar
proportions.
•       57.2% Vertosols with <3% slopes;
•       10.3% Vertosols with 3-8% slopes.
•       14.1% Red LuvhoIs with <3% slopes;
•      6.1% Red Luvisals with 3-12% slopes.
•      3.4% special measure soils; and
•      8.9% unsuitable (NZ) sods.
Terracing will be therefore be required for at least 5,800 ha, 16% of the gruss left bank
command area (le excluding any terracing required for ipcoal measures / uns in table soils), and
possibly over as much as 10,190 ha, 29%.
While  red  lmisols  up  to  12%  slope  were  included  in  preparing  the  lmgauon  layouts,  in  acruihty the irrigablr area on 8-12% slopes included in the command u small, just 128 ha.
The area of unsuitable (N2) soils included tools 5,957 ha (8.4% of the gross imgahlc area) It should be accepted that crop yields over this area will be less than average even with interventions to address the constraints.
F *SrOlb
r ^D ^evdunrnentfri
95
17-Xiay 11I f' drru!             H/r.te.
MifUftry •fW'ait* & E•/’Ji
fitbtfiM Nik Intyfwt Dwajp Pr^ect
fable 6-3: Grona
Gross
Irrigable
Area (ha)
8,638
til I Slope Categorica by SPA
Black Vertisols
Red Lwiaoh
5r            Total
5v
8-12%
6-8%
8-12%
Special
Measure
Soils (ba)
Unauit
able
(N2) j
0-2%
3.594
12 |       2.656
18 1
— —-----
622 j
0.1% ! 30.7 4
s
02%             7-2%
100 0*. 41.6%
7.424             5.566
10 '          785 T  .t% 106%
o
10                 405
k------           ■■
0.1%                53%
4.0%
s
100.0 .
s
7.600
100.0%
100.0%
100 0 /.
Sub-tnral.
Right Bank
34,777
100.0%
3340
100.03.
2.338
75 0%
72 6%
429
1397
16.8%
16,713 j
48.1s.
27.2%
10 3%
234
14.5%
J,334
14.0%
3,546 I
Total
5.342
6,224
83 fir •
6.975
91 7%
1,237
35 6%
1.807
19.0%
4,173
0(r»
0.0%
0
0.0%
62
0.7%
0
76 7%
0.0%
0
4.799
50.6%
3.2%
0 1%
0.0%
1,223
12 9%
1.821
10.2%        120s.
19.9% 31’% 2.7%
0.!%
2.1% 1.0%
0.0% 1.245 3.1% 1,502 43%
92 2.8%
0 0% 0.0*.
10 0 1%
0.4%
.                     13%
5.9%
) 0
136
100.0s/.           66 4s.          17.5%
9.9%
0 0%
1 4% 0
0.0%
3.289 34.6%
7,201 20 7%
312 9 3
0 4s/
oo% 1.0% 2.1% 0.7%
7.9*/.
198
rVBW-Phstc 1
I
2.786
83.4%
2.192
93.8s .
lr
0-2%
2.264 26.2%
381
5 1%
24-1
3 2 /.
s
8.0%
8.(1%
3.784
10.9s •
3 3%
0
00%            0.0*.
. 00%
5.8%
BW Phase 2
—
1.756
56.4%
19 9%
0 0 .
s
9| 2 /.
s
0 0%
1 5%
0.1%
0.0%
BBW-Phaie 3
u
3,023
465
40H
2.605
I
0
86
7.1% I
332
100.0%
57.3%
15.4% J13.5 .
s
0.0%
86.2° a
0.0%
0.3 /a
s
0.0% 1 2.8*.
15.256
9.043
1,308
11,173
2,72
0
100.0 /.
s
59 3%
73.2%
13 0°.
3.1%
0.0%
-4- __1«926
1.440
6HI I
\ UXL0-.
24.3%
2.194
37.0%
II.544 /
<» s-,1
M ',WZ«U#r jf fiTj-i*"- f>
JjxihptaM M* ZrrjiprfMW JJt#1
Black VerriMb
Red Luvi»oU
l' SDA
f.
1
1 Irrigable
' Area (hl)
lv
2v
3v
4v
5*
Ton!
2r
3.
-1
5‘
Toil! |
Mcuur 1 able i
0-2%
2-3%
3-6%
6-iV.
8-12%
0-2%
2-3%
3-6%
6-8%
0-11%
Soih(ba) |
(N2) (
1 V-N
2 '26
r
69
202
120
0
0
392
532
271
559
691
: n
1,430
538.
■^=1
100.0%
2.5%
7.4%
4.4%
0.0%
0.0%
14.4%
19,5%
9,9%
20.5%
2.5%
0.0%
5?. 57.
WA
13,4%
V-W
1.140 |
829
47
108
0
0
985
0
18
16
3
11
49
0
107
100.0%
727%
42%
9,5%
0-0%
0.0%
86-4%
00%
1 6%
1.4%
DJ%
I 0%
43%
0.0%
9.3%
Sub-toiab Left
3S,674
16,660
3.742
3.430
171
11
24.00
3.753
1,301
1,920
138
os
7,206
1.196
3,189
Bink
fflO.0%
46.7%
10.5%
9J%
0.5%
0.0%
67.5%
10.5%
36%
5.4%
0.4%
03%
20 2%
3 4%
8,9%
70.451
33,372
7 .JO?
7,633
295
33
48,661
ToimI Are*
7*537
3,121
3,422
200
128
1 14*407
1,436
5,947
100.0%
47.4%
10.4%
10.9%
0.4%
0.0%
69.1%
10.7%
4.4%
4.9%
a 3%
0.2%
20.4%
10%
8,4%
Ub F4 SrOjb IM 3 ftcvrhjpnKfit (I)
9‘
17 M*y IIF.rfapua .\i* )nJ Dwqr P^!
6.J
6J1
Lud Allocation Optimisation Modeling and Demarcation of Are Commercial (Super) Estate
* ^tgf
L-»~ »->«”« ““d «,o
’(
lc, ’v<
Jmmncul tam indudmg » Urge sugar estate)« described in supplementary rcpon
Ag*bn, t^Z"™D^bp^t. and was based on the following assu^.
.  Rural  populanon  estunates  for  the  pro|ect  area  of  about  80.  0  (18.380  HH)  fw and about 90.150 (20,640 HH) for 2030;
. Net tmgation area allocations per household as follows: (i) Minimal fie for landk-, households): 0.11 ha, (ii) Small farms 0 82 ha; (ill) Mcdtum farms: 1.72 ha; and (n)
Luge farms J.93 ha.
. For the SDAs where imgation is not practicable due to broken / fragmented areas of suitable land, the cultivation area allocations per household were as follows (i) Mr-. f« for landless households): 0.25 ha; (n) Small farms: 0 88 ha; (iii) Medium farms )J7 hi; ind (iv) l^rgc firms 4 26 hi; and
• Homestead ind public infrastructure allocation of 0.25 ha per household
The model optimises land allocations (for cropping) based on allocating relative values to the vinous land disses (defined on basis of soil tvpe and slope) for smallholder or commercial management.
Outputs (results) of the model include:
•     Area of irrigable land required for smallholders with no net inward / outward migration from project area but allowing migration between SDAs;
•     Area of land for commercial agricultures, particularly for a commercial sugar estate centred in SDAs IB ind FVB;
•     Resettlement tmpbcition (ie population movements) between SDAs. and net
inward/outward migration to / fnun project area, and
•     Area available for grazing and fuel wood (for smallholders)
rhe model pnontiscs to the extent possible allocation of red luvuols to smallholders and vertisols to commercial estates.
6. F2 A la^r/ Rentks anJ Commer^l 3 ttfanaw Ejta/t Hottndary
Having completed the negation layout, the Optimisation Model was run for several agnaJ^ * development options, with the proportion of sugar varying from 0% to 100° '« of the net ungaboo area, refer Table 1-2 in Chapter 1 The extreme options were included only for completeness of the financial and economic analyua (refer SR-02B), and the three options
5 0'
considered in some depth were for a net irrigation Ur. of 61,871 ha with the following arc* ' the sugar estate; (>) Option 1: 21.860 ha. (ii) Option 2A 36225 ha; and (in) Option 3 for
ha.
Option 2A with . sugarcane estate area of 36,225 ha accounting f.« 57%  of  tbc  ne, unable area (81 “. of vertisols and 19% on other soils) can accommodate all the rural households
1
F4 S<€!b l&D DrveJripnjroi (I)
98.            af              Maty Ffftr <*■ J:
j             -J /
protected to “* thc P”*0 area for "«• 15-20 yean, though with ihorugei of graying
and fuel wood in some SDA* Phc area for medium scale commercial farm development would
he about 4.773 net irrigated ha (7 ■ 3% of the net irrigable area*.
The impact of sugar estate area on the with-project value of production is shown below on
Error! Reference source not found, and shows due
•      The financial value of wtth-projcct benefit changes hole as the sugar estate area is
increased (at thc expense of smallholder and medium size commercial cultivation):
value added from cane processing compensates for the loss of the higher value of
production per hectare achieved by smallholder and private farms.
•      Thc proportion of financial benefit accruing to private smallholder and commercial
farmers is 100° o when thc area of the sugar estate is zero and declines to CF o when the
tugar estate accounts for all thc net irrigable area therefore the area between the graphs
of private and total financial benefit accrues »o the sugar estate and factory;
•      Although thc gradient of the graph showing financial value of with project production
is almost flat, a maximum financial return is expected by expanding the area of the
sugar estate up to the point where no displacement of the projected number of
smallholders is necessary;
•      The maximum size of thc estate that can be achieved without displacement of
smallholders is about 38.000 ha (i.e. slightly larger than Option 2, though for practical
purposes the area delineated for Option 2 would be very satisfactory). the graph also
shows that at (his size thc financial benefit to private farmers is approximately equal to
financial benefit achieved by the sugar estate and factor)’, and
•        Economic  net  value  of  production  with-project  is  increased  with  every  hectare  of  cane planted  and  tonne  of  sugar  processed,  but  for  an  estate  greater  than  about  38,000  ha  a deduction  would  have  to  made  for  the  economic  costs  of  resettlement  of  smallholders outside the project area
Figure 6-3: Financial and Economic Benefits with Sugar Estate Size
Amucai Rn-vinl
hmiAnri Annwl Pp»ij*ci (Vwta
'luiai r w^Murul FU-rtrfif I ft I
41
Sounr legated Agncuitwr h A^l-xf.rw.rnic DrrrtofWtW Jkfphnrttty HxfwirtFtJrru!              JUprhfr
^ r9tif? * rttrf &
, 
Eshtfian Nwr lrrqpto* A»d Dma# Pr^rxf
From this it is suggested that I sugar estate about 17-38,000 ha net irngable area may I* adopted for Upper Beles (it Option 2). with an additional 2-5,000 ha for medium corm*,^ estates and about 21-24,000 ha for smallholder farmers
While there would still be resettlement costs, they would be incurred to redistribute the n,_
• j /
, 
population within the project area, with no net inward / outward migration, as well t0 consolidate irrigation land holdings,
6.3.3          Dt/ifHalioft of Commtnia! EsM Roundants
In accordance with the Model’s output, the boundaries of the commcrdal sugarcane estate wt* delineated following hydraulic (secondary) canal boundancs so as to consolidate the estate u much as possible (to reduce haul distances), while minimising resettlement social and CnanoaJ impacts.
The proposed "core" sugarcane estate boundaries are shown on Figure 6-6 as well as on the Map (A3 size) attached lo this report, and extend over a net imgablc area of 36,225 ha centred in SDAs IA A IB (right hank), and in IVA, 1X13 and part of IVC-N (left bank) The option of resettling smallholder fanners off the red-brown luvisols south of Fendika was briefly considered as it would further consolidate the estate’s boundancs, but Was rejected due to this area being intensely farmed by smallholders with considerable social impact and high rrsetdement costs.
P ”cnt
r
Possible sugar estate expansion areas and / or areas for other mrrfnim commercial estates were also identified extending over 4,773 hi in (pans of) SDAs III (right bank), and VAX (left bank) The total commercial estate area potentially coven 40.999 ha, with 23,098 ha on the right bank and 17.901 ha on the left bank Vertisols make up the bulk of the commercial estate area, aboui 81%, see Table 6-4
100
(.!> H4 SiOlb 1AD Dcvck.pmenr (1)
17-Mav-U& _4; r^inmcfcia Vertwol* ( *)____
h
Eitaie Net Irrigable
Luvitcb (Kb)
Area and Soil / Slope CategoritB
1  Special
measures /
margmal
0“)
Remark*
IflW .
Commercial
Ejtafe Net
Irrigable Area*
4.113
6.85J
6,966
1,110
1J6?
2,089  2.729
ILS’!
3,755
23 (W
(
1000%
2JS4
2.139
Core Commerrai
I jute .Area
Ljtare
cxten»on area
Right
0*ok _
IVA _____ 'nW- L
fVBW 2_ 
1.746
2.746
8,09"
Core Commcreui Esiare
ivbw-
3
IVGN _ rvc-s
V-N
V-V
Ufi Bulk
“ 1,366
~x
0
10.1%
3394
1.7%
1,055
£.018
17,901
joo.0%
40399
1000%
Smallholder imgaDon ordy Eitare Extemion area
Total
13,82£
77.2% 1
29333
71.5%
U643
9 2%
3,670
90%
9.0*.
N«e Arr* BLVCT « for mrftec
W.lh r<=™r                ^«lfy u™ may hrJ
ir
UJ
V ■e
4
■u
1
£
L-
I It I
■’
&
£.1Zrwrj/F] ** IF J-~rr
Ub t'4 SyOlfa lilJ OcYcInpmvnt (I)
W
17-Ahv 11DwKmftt RipvMr afEtbi^u. Mitutfrf t/Wnirr tf** E*rrp
■thtipiji Nifr               im^ DrwMrr Pryvf
Figure 6-6: Proposed With-project Commercial St Smallholderirrigation engineering development options and intent
. thu Chapter the irrigation and drainage design intent u firmed up through consideratxin and
eraluation of options, including: (1) irrigation water conveyance, pipeline or canal, (ii) canal
Iming: (hi) legation water application, sprinklers or surface, fiv) terracing; (v) night storage; and
resettlement / land consolidation issues At the end of the Chapter the development intent
for the project is rummaiised.
\$ detailed tn previous chapters, the scheme will be dominated by a core commercial estate
urhere sugarcane development is envisaged over 36,225 ha (net irrigation area), centred in stage
development areas KB At FVB, with a potential commercial firm expansion area of4,773 bi in
SDA III V-S, cither for sugar or for other smilkr (medium sized) commercial farms
Smallholder farms will extend over 22,8 2 ha centred m the stage development areas where
quite intensive smallholder rarnfed cropping and settlement already exist, ic (i) in LA south of
Fendika town; (ii) in 1VC-N west of Weik Meda town on the Wok Mcda plain; and (in) in III,
TVC S and V-N in the Beneshalgul Gumuz kebeks (in Pawc and Dangur weredas) which were
settled under rhe Tana BdcS project (1985 to early 1990s).
Two broad irrigation development opoons are envisaged:
•        Opaon 1: Surface imgaaon development for both commeraal and smallholder fumi
as well as for any out-growers (ie LLT 1.2 & 3); or
•        Option 2: Surface irrigation development for smallholder farms, for the smaller /
medium    sized    commercial    estates    and    for    the    core    sugar    estate    except    where    pressures for sprinkler irrigation can be development by gravity, see below , ic LUT 1,2,3 & 5)
?
• SDA IB-E Right Bank) in two pressure zones commanding a net irrigable area of 6*693 ha (see Figure 7-2 at the md of this Chapter}; andFtdrml
Ethnpun Nit ttd Dnnutf tnpa
,f ra”r
• Resettlement land consolidation and acquisition.
7.2        Iniftuon Wafer Conveyance Options
7.2.1     lntmdM.tion
For both options water will be conveyed initially in the large nght and left bank main camb generally aligned over cross slopes and following close to the contour If pressure irngan^ u adopted <()pt>on 2) then down-slope conveyance will be in pipelines that allow sufficient pressure to be developed for sprinklers Indicative layouts are shown on the figures at the end
of this Chapter. For SDA IB-F. a supply main pipeline would offtake from a balancing tank located near to the Right Main canal at l-endika with pressures budding up as the pipeline dio?, to the two sprinkler irrigation zones on die Dcrabay plain. For SDA IVB, branch canals offtaking from the 1 zft Main canal would convey water initially to balancing tanks on the hills above the irrigation area, from which water would be conveyed by supply pipelines to the three pressure zones
For surface irrigation, pipe rather than open canal conveyance would only be adopted if the benefits outweighed the usually considerable additional cost
Fox shallow slopes (ie less than about 1%), unlincd regime-slope and regime-width canals are inevitably the cheapest option unless seepage losses would otherwise be ven high, for example due to light textured soils (see Section 1.1).
Even where seepage losses are low lining may be justified under the following conditions
•       For canals on steep (le >8%) cross-slopes so that lining reduces land lake and cut
/ fill volumes, and also reduces risk of failure by providing pnsni stability; and
•       For canals without a cross slope but aligned down a steep slope so that lining allows greater flow’ velocities and reduced prism section size
rhe Right and Left Main canals conveying water diverted from the Belcs river follow dose to the contour and lining is proposed in part due to steep cross slopes.
For the sleeper (1-8% or higher) down-slope secondary canals conveyance options include
•       Lined canals with drops;
•       Lined chutes; and
•       Pipelines with (pressure reducing^ valves or open pipe drops.
L’nlinrd canals with frequent drops are rejected, largely due to the cost of transition* to ensure non-turbulent flow leaving die drop structures and eroding the unlincd canal prism. Aho the high supercritical flow velocities associated with chutes usually render diem unacceptable doe to short lite as joints and lining tail, except for low discharges, less (han (about) 0.3 m /s Most ot lhe secondary canal design flows will he much higher than this and the two conveyance opt>on- considcred lechmcally acceptable are. (i) lined canals with drops; and (ii) pipelines
J
IJbHSdJIbiacDDevckipmentd)
106
i7Msy11.
•/'IF-'-rfn- f-fwp
Cvirpafttti** 
ca^aJ ^m^atrcr
\ comput e assessment of pipeline and canal conveyance is Ubuhccd below
T,hk 7 1: Comparative Aim:»9meat of Pipe and Canal Conveyance Onri-,
Q)fin>der»ucrn
Hr
Pipeline Conveyance
Canal Conveyance
1
Conveyance efficiency (water
lots)
Warer fo«cs in a pipe conveyance lyitem Arc nr gfagfole
Water louei from. canals vanes hugdr depending on whether lined or unljned. type >nd i’wdattnn of farting; khJ ma tesul in which the canal is constructed; whether in cut of till ind depth to waler lahl-r, etc.
2
layout /
glifwiieni
Pipelines Are not constrained by topography, and Layouts cm be optimized following direct routes to outlet / hydrant locations.
Canals irr required to be afagnrd down slope, and depending on topography may follow meandenflg aligjornentji to around ridges and
swllm
3
land slope
Velocity limits in pipeline* need to be observed, but excess head may be burnt off using pressure reducing value* inserted in the pipeline These are however quite expensive.
V'rkrary limits [□ car.ils must be observed, even for Lined canals. For Steeply a loping land the required drop Jtrucrum can greatly
increase cost*,
4
Land take
Pipelines are generally buried with negligible land take
Cjfiak rake up land
5
Sediraenr
Pipelines with slow velocities carrying sediment art Ltkelv to
bluckagrs
Rrmcval of sedsmrn! from canals II nor usually a problem
6
Health and
safety
Pipeline conveyance reduces chance of {Wifflinjnmi,  and there are few H&S issues
Canals can pose i H&S issue, parnculariy large, fast flowing canal*.
7
CofutrucODO
Pipeline   laying,   bedding   and   gnnhng needs to be done with care
Unbned canals are cheaply con strutted and may be upgraded by Lining hter Lalxur often poses a sigraficanr proportion of the cost.
8
L>«?gn life and ffiiintctiance
The design life of pipes vanes from 15 Ml yean depending on pipe type, soil conditions, etc, assuming proper Construction.
Fa nah cao be min nuord tQdrfiniicly. Design life for concrete lining depend* on quality of comtructKHi pimcukriy cmhirtknient compaction and concrcfr quality. Wafer lenses through cracks cm approach fosses in an
i inlinfd canal. Dragin life vises from .5-30
Venn.
0
<_>pen%*jon
Control devices enable casv operation. Procedures for starting up and dosing down the system mui! be observed to avoid water hammer and nine bunts.
Appropriate choice of regulating and flow mevunng (gated) structures tadbiau
operaMoni
10
Ccit
P>p«   ire   apennvt   avd   may   owd   to   be   Bnported   However   pipeline   coovepnw   hi,   i comp^rivt i^ntige on steeper slopes and where mote direc ehgnroeol possible
than by canal
-------------- ------- -------- - --------------—— -----------------
l^p4
SrtJlb
Devefonm^* m
17-Miy-HI't&fu! Dtnwft;
Mt*urt afVTatrr & Ewp
E.’-mcur Ndr irr^atMti miDnattqt Prytrt
7.2.5 
Cboitr tJPipfi
Steel is uivirubly expensive and theiefore buned GRP pipes are suggested f  ]
or   af
where
pip
e
diameters
of
600 
mm
or   larg
er
are   req
uired. 
For   smaller   flows   buned   py    **
c
mar be con
si
dered
Required
p
ipe   diame
ters
for
l-8’o 
slopes
for
flows
from
0.52.0   rn'/s   van-   from   45fi
“anfojr.
mm.
Table 7-2: Conveyance Pipe Options
Nr
Material
Typical
Diameters
(mtn)
Jointing
Nominal
Working
Prcaiure,
PN (bar)
Average Life
(yeara)
1
.Steel: i ptraJ welded
(bitumen painted'i
500-2,500
Uelding
As required (depends on class of pipe, steel wall
Duf l0Mic^
«^v used fot gulbcs. etc
2
Steel:
threaded (6
m lengths, j^ilvinired
•/>•(□ 3"
Screw-type threaded
jomts
thickness)
1 >20 vean on surface, 10-30 yean buoetl depending on soils Ac ptpr protect* >n
Due to high car uc only at fittings • connects ci n
strut rures
3
GRP
300 to
2.000 mm
Couplings
with
ehstomctnc
scab
10 Ac 16 bar (other
pressure
classes
possible)
50 vean buned with proper trenching /
bedding
Irrigation ante conveyance «hcr k? diameters axe ftew* Careful hinibnt necessary to i«*l damage Maurrur If veloats. 3-7 mA
5
Rigid PVC
50 Id 600
mm
Solvent
(small);
spigot A
socket
[large;
4. 6.10 Ac 16
ban
50 years buried with proper trenching /              , bedding                  s L
Ideal for lmgs^102 conveyance for aipes .Mjuuo«n’£jaf rclocity. 13 at 3
For low pressure pipelines, pre-cast pomauly m conjunction with a lined °
C  nWtC
^cre is
a
 Und constraint These
jomts are usually roughly cast
uscd inspection chambers she U. -
be ct,o«dered for short distant ^°T cwmP*c near homesteads or whc*c
001  ^commended for extensive pipelines as the emJ
^ eir concrete pipelines are c  provided at (say) 40 m intervals to facilitate maintenance
^FaStOlbUcD Develops J)-« 
1
n—IFaffr dr L W>
r^jrr* <)r**          ‘
C^/Co^^ Cut,
7^
\ comp* *
0   00 convcy>nCC co’ts for ®
canals -with drop; and (ii) GRP
clint conveyance is given below in I able 7-3 for 1%, 4% ind 8° o ground slopes, and for
JXh»rr' frofn 0510 20 mV’
For   i   1%   P,,unl-!    ,loPfs    thr    cniu    for    «   un,‘ncd    «P»e   "lope   and   wnh   drop   ire   dsn   grven for these discharges Details of the calculations are given in Annex D
me cost analysts indicates that the cost of a  unlwed regtme
n
drop, B
bk fo
the cost of a lined trapezoidal canal wuh drop, fOT . j% lopt
 ,
w| ^
cost increases when the pnsm U hned.  the steeper slopes „d tighter pa,m secnoo  po«Me for
.he    lined    section    reduces    the    height,    sue    and    cost    of    the    .hops    Lining    of    canals    usth    .Jopes    of I % nr sleeper is therefore justified on rhe basis of cipud cost ilonc
Depending on other benefits of lining, such as reduced land take, seepage tosses and
operational flexibility, lining is likely to be justified for slopes rather shallower than 1%.
However for the heavy- soils in Upper Heles where seepage losses arc low, lining is unlikely to
be justified for shallow slopes fir less than about 08%).
The ms I analysis also  indicates that lined trapezoidal canals with drops are less than one third of ihe cost of a  buried fGRP) pipeline for slopes up io  about 4%,  and about half thr cost for slopes up tu about 8%.  Therefore unless there is a  significant reduction ui conveyance length lined open canals are proposed for slopes from about 0.8% to at least 10%
While thr analysis has been dnnr on the basis of concrete lined trapezoidal section, the frequent transitions required at each drop would indicate that rectangular flume section lining would be more appropriate on the steeper slopes. *c more than about 3-4%.
Where a lined open canal with fast moving flows pose a safety hazard, particularly tu children and animals, the canal may either be covered (ic flume section with RC cnvrr slabs), or a RC pipeline adopted.
1 he design life of mas? concrete lined canals is tvpicaJhr 10-30 years, and is increased by. (i) quality construction including good compaction of suitable prism and embankmenT material; (ii.i adoption ol rectangular flume canal sections which are less dependent on embankment soils compaction; (iii) use of a geomembr^nc / gcotexn’e; ind (iv) suitable malenal for joiniSu
llb ^SriJib
^riuwicnrVn
109
17 May 11Ftikml Dtmofram             of Etfoaftfj, Mifuifr) of IFj**’ c* H^rp litbiopiAM A7Zr Inrj&ttw and Drotna^t Profit
Table 7-3: Compariion of Canal and Pipeline Coats for 1, 4 & 8% slopes
Unlioed Canal with Drops fUS$/m)
Lined Canal with Drops (USS/m)
GRF
G
Pipclii
S$/m)
ae
Discharge
Q.
1% slope
1% slope
4% slope
8% slope
1%
4%
8%
(-‘/•)
Canal
Cost
Regime
Slope
Drop
Coat
Total
cost
Canal
cost
Drop
cost
Total
cost
Canal
cost
Drop
cost
Total
cost
Canal
cost u
Drop
coat
Total
coat
slope
slope
slope
.
10
20
142
10 rxxuoo
42«
570
223
230
453
223
673
896
223
1.352
1.575
2.885
3,011
87
0 000113
233
320
162
134
296
162
401
563
162
806
968
1.443
1305
6
66
0 000123
172
238
115
102
217
115
310
425
115
623
7 38
870
908
4
47
0000131
116
163
91
67
158
91
208
299
91
420
511
711
742
2
28
0000147
68
96
62
38
too
62
123
185
62
248
310
453
473
1
22
0.000166
45
67
45
27
72
45
92
137
45
186
251
294
263
OS
B
0.000186
26
39
32
16
48
32
55
87
32
Hl
143
208
188
Unlined canal* cheapest for slopes <1%. lined canals cheaper’han pipelines for slopes from 1% to at least 8*/o
Note. Exchange rate adopted 1 USS ~ ETH 13.47J
* I jning o justified where the benefits exceed the costs Benefits from lining tnav include
•        Reduction in seepage losses;
e  Reduced channel roughness, allowable increase in flow velocity and canal slope / head loss and rcdxiced prism section area;
•        Reduced land take and increased prism stability —of considerable importance where there is a cross slope;
•        Improvpd sediment transport;
•        Increased flexibility of operation;
•        Reduced routine, though not necessarily periodic, maintenance costs, and
•        Reduced weed growth.
The reduction in seepage losses and the potential water savings, >e the difference between the ivuh-lining and without lining scenarios for the expected life of the lining, is a major benefit of lining for dl canals. Typical lining seepage rates are given below in Table "-4
The improved flexibility of operations enabled by lining, including the ability to operate the canal for a range of flows without prism damige. is another significant benefit for thr Upper Beles scheme where water demand vanes hugely from month to month and between seasons Lintng also reduces secondary canal damage that could occur if flows from night storage reservoirs arc released too fast / stopped too quickly
Table 7-4: Canal
Rates
Nr
Lining / Sod
Type
Seepage Rate*
(m/d)
(mm/hr)
(m /* per
1
Source
Mm’)
—qffS
f
1
Chv
0.02-ft 12
1-5
0.2 1 4
2
Loom
(LIB —0.31
7-13
2.1-3.6
5
Sand
0.16 -0.79
7 33
1.M.1
Ncfiigef (L^
4
Concrete
0.002 - 0.16
1-?
0.0 -1.9
For the I pper Boles scheme the main / secondary canals extend over both red-brown clayey loamy soils as well as cracking vertisols. Where constructed over vertisols, suitable imported fill ma renal shall be used Constructing main or secondary canals from vertisols is not rccnrrunrnded as when drv the vertisols crack and canal embankment breaches may occur when cana^ flow is resumed Lining of vertisols / days is also not recommended.
*^c fcduced scepigt losses from concrete lining over its design life ire likely to be fairly small a hlc 7-5. For loams the rate is likely to drop from about 0.25 m/d to 0.10 m/d for mas*.
Hticrcte lining, and io 0.0] m/d for lining with a g rom cm brane
111
ITMxv-llEtfapu* Sih IrrfiM Draup Pryfil
Table 7-5: Seepage Kates auupiyy -
Lining Ophoo
Life
With Lining Seepage Rate
Without 1
----- r«l<
(mm/hr)
(n>/d)
Concrete lining
0.104   __ — 4L
Coocrete Lrning with gcomembranc A protective geotexnk
0013
0.54
o;
7.32 LimqCM
The unit area hung costs, excluding earthworks, and adopted design life for two lining op^ arc tabulated below. Note: a lining thickness of 100 mm is adopted for this comparison,
is suited to secondary canals, but too thin for the main canals, and too thick for tertiary cinih Table 7-6: Costs andDesign Life
Luring Option
Cost
2
(ETB/m )
Cott
2
(US$/m )
Design Life
Lvean)
Concrete lining 0.10 m thick, C-15
244                                  146
20 mr
Concrete Lining, 0.10 m thick, C-10, with
grofThcmbranc and protective geotextile
503
30.1
25 yens
Note 1 lchinge rate xdripied 1 USS - FTH 16 7
Annual maintenance costs arc taken as 4% of the capital cost for concrete lining and 1% of capital costs for concrete complete with geomcmbranc and geotextile lining.
1
7. J. 3     EfOMfma of Lining
VChcrc there is ground or lake water that can be pumped, the value of saved water is usually taken as the cost to pump more waler. However, for the Upper Beks project shortage of water constrains irrigated dry season cropped area to about 50,000 ha unless additional reservoir storage is provided ', and the value of water saved is more properly related to the value of crop produced, kss all other crop productton costs, Adopting marie as a representative dry season crop, the gross financial margin is likely to be about US$ 675/ha, see Table 7-7
The value of water is taken as 60% yf this, gjvmg L’SS 405 / ha. The water rctjuirernent f°r season maize, allowing for losses, is about 0.76 m giving a value for water of about US$
0.053/m' 24
* Rcfa Water Routes suj^entarr fqxm. (Note: SMHC rule aw adopted)
It water was rradih asidabjr and could br pumped for the COf1 of the deonaty rhr vlJuc UlW|d be * fraroon of about USS aOB/ml
Uh T 4 SrOlb lien Urvclnpcnenr
112
p-.Msy-11cr. flifhrfpia, Mim j' fn * 
t
C*"E
,
Jw?* ' -
Table 7'7!VHlue ofW“"                                     038
Gro”
0.76
7,600
m
m m' 'ba
t including value af labour
Pmancj*^2__"___________ _—
Item
Umt
Unit/ha
Price
(ETB)
Value
(FTB)
V*lue <U«)
gefum*                                —      -
frfrfae
_ _______
\7Ilkfi —------------
tonne
45
3.737
16,820
1.007
tonne
25
501
1253
75
-----   "                              Sub-lota 1
18,073
I.M2
"lapuCf
Seed                              -- ------------ —
*8
30
7.2
217
TT
“Pcftihier
—---------- "                                  Urea
kg
150
5.4
BIS
49
------ —’                                      DAP
kg
100
84
835
50
manure
tonne
5
63
317
19
pciDades
Insec tiodcs
lr
2
125
250
15
Fungicide
lr
2
125
250
15
(ithrr inputs
LS
I
100
100
6
Sub-ioul
2,78*
167
Labour
Planting
d*v
5
24
117
7
Weeding.
day
M
25
751
45
Other held tasks
day
8
25
200
12
harvesting
day
25
25
6)8
37 ;
Post harvest tasks
day
22
25
550
33
Sub-total
90
243*
134
Oxen / machinery hire
land prepiratiori
day
LS
1.000
1,500
90
harvesting / transport
tonne
4.5
63
284
17
1,770
106
'Grctisi Margin
ha
11477
675
Value of Water
%ofGM
60.0%
uum
Arnou.nl
6,766
405
AmoMQi/m1
0.90
0.053
Note: Hichuigemc adopted: IL'SS = ETH 16.7
The ElRRs and bencGt/cosi ratios for a  10%  discount rate for the two  lining  options for ran loamy  sails with seepage rates of 0.25  m/d and 0.18  m/d are tabulated below.  The discounted cost-benefit streams for can si lining  m; (i) day-b^amy  sods,  ind (ii) loamy  sods aft presented in kbfes in Annex E.
/1A
111
17 May IIFrdr'v.' Pfw^run. Rs fate* offabiopia, Mrmjtry *VT'itrr & Ewg pjhupito \ f' b iTi&jMft Dfvuf PrnRftf
However taking into account other considerations the following is proposed:
•          lining   of   the   main   canals   where;   (i)   canal   stability   is   a   concern,   for   example   in   reaches with    steep    emu    slopes    or    difficult    terrain;    or    /    and    (ii)    where    soils    arr    hght-loanis    with seepage rates more than about 0.2 m/d;
•        Lining of the down-slope branch and secondary canals where: (i) slopes are steeper than about 0.8%; and/or fu) where sods arc loams with seepage rates more than about 0 2
m/d; and
•        Lining of the ternary canals where: (l) the tertiary canals arr on terraces less than about 30 m wide; (u) where ever tertiary canal slopes arc steeper than about 3%; and (m) where soils arc loams with seepage rites more than about 0.2 m/d-
Tn addition, lining is proposed where land availability is a major constraint, for example near settlements, to reduce land take and for improved hygiene.
For safety, and where canals pass dose to homesteads, cover slabs should be provided to flume-section lined canals.
73.4 Type* I jxbig
The economics of lining in this Section are based on concrete lining, either trapezoidal or parabolic section, with gcotnembrane underneath the concrete, protected with a geotextile [hj’ also prevents slipping of concrete on the slopes during placing. It is expected that trapezoi^^ sections with suitable prism side slopes will be adopted for the larger Upper Bcles canals lie Main, Branch & Secondary canals to be lined) with appropriate concrete batching facility concrete transpun (ie mixer trucks) and slip forming equipment
Rectangular (flume) section lining wntb stone masonn is generally much mure expensive concrete trapezoidal sections except on strep cross slopes where the reduced land take rcSU^ in bigiuticani saving fox earthworks / retaining wall Significant lengths of the Left Main cin will therefore adopt rectangular lining.
tn. F4 SiOlb J AD Drvdorrncnt fl)
114VW
FoI the smaller <crmn- /field Ration canii,
and are generally technically superior lo n *" “ pjft,lo
's: sccnn^ nw be , „
n
'■“ls,niCr»Pvo da]
1       ljni^. ^^Wroprurc
Phnws of various Iming section ,rc
ife 7-1 .Canal Lining Options
PanMi. terete Im,ng f(f ;„gf
IgKgLdall.nednau.
Compact
JKnQfl (f(-,ecMdjr> (jnaj
Free is r Parabola Scppficnt lining of ternuv Canal
Prrcasr Parabolic bnmg w,rh HDP yphtin
115
17-Miy 11J-ftW                    K^MrafEJhofua,Mnurrr tfWattr &
Izjtottpj* Nur Impawn M Dnn**r Propd
7.4 Irrigation Application Option*
7.4.1 ChdwtmrtM and Effidtnntf of Irrigation Application NUthorh
Irrigation application methods can be broadly grouped into:
•       Surface irrigation: basins, borders or furrows.
•        Pressure irrigation: sprinklers systems and drip or trickle systems25.
Characteristics and indicative efficiencies of the main irrigation methods are presented m T p
7-9. Surface irrigation requires relatively fiat land varying from flat basins where water is ponded, to borders or Furrows where slopes of 0 2-0.4% (borders) and 0 I -0,4%*- (funows depending on stream size and soil type are usual Irregular and steeply sloping land may be convened to terraced basins by land forming/shaping providing; (i) soil depth is sufficient to permit land forming without affecting sod fertility and agricultural production; and (u) costs art not prohibitive However there is little history of terracing in Ethiopia for irrigation, and there
is a significant risk that terraces arc not well managed or maintained resulting in progressive failure and extensive soil loss Terracing for the proposed study schemes, w here proposed should therefore be limited to slopes of 8® t> and nowhere more than 12%.
Surface lmganon design and construction is relatively simple and little or no imported matcnih
/ equipment are required Unless land forming « very expensive, the capital and recurrent costs are law However application efficiencies arc generally lower than for pressure, and depend on the water management skills skill and diligence of the farmer. Labour requirements arc relatively low for basin application, and higher for furrow and border.
Pressure irrigation is practicable for both flat and modcratelv sloping (up to 12%) land and shaping of irregular land is not required With careful design and use of pressure reduction / control devices, pressure irrigation can be used on sloping land without the adverse impact of soil erosion’3 * * * 7. Irrigation efficiencies arc usually higher than surface irrigation methods. Drip application methods have the potential problems of emitter clogging due to sediment or salt build up and are not recommended for smallholder farms or for large scale commercial tartnnig where likely crops arc expected to include sugarcane, maize and /or cotton Sprinkler systems would comprise rotating sprinklers of various pressures and could be (i) permanent (solid-Kt), or (lij semi-permanent (periodic move). For the study schemes semi-permanent systems arc proposed, with hand-move laterals and drag hoses (refer Seel ion 5-3.3).
3 NormaDr drp oc micro spnnkJc* tm^attun n restarted tu small aiea> ol high-vjuc* crop* (such u trmf. (Icmcr* and veg rather th*n held crop (i e. corah, n*l?<rd« and puhes} (.logging of filters w ohm pf<4J«nahc
* III rhe study tchcmei intrnw cornu art porabk and pcrrrujtibk fueruw slnprl arc limited to about 0 steeper hrniiw slope* arc pcrrrjmblc ;up tn 1* o-2%)
7 ’ Dur io mlcntc Moran watershed manjgrmmt micrvcrtariai to control ruooff and *<«l eropno of stupai^ mqiundl
L"b F'4 Sift lb IA 2) LJf-vrlorwr.rn1 H
11APrl 9ffr
Method. Ch^ctemtic. scd Effi
imr'100
Characteristic*
------ --  c'enci££
I
Biun
|rrig*ti°n
Basin* arc formed by levelling sloping land Basin (terrace widths art typically 30-75 m for a 0.2* • slope decreasing to 12 30 m for a 0 5% slope Consideration for basin (terrace) size and shape is usually land slope and shape, farmer land holdings, as well as types and depths of sods. Appropriate suitable stream sizes depend on adopted basin area and soil type as indicated below-
Indicative
Efficiency (%)
Application
efficiency can be
is high as 90* o.
but reduces
where there are
soil variations
L         Sandy   loam:   0.06   ha   requires   about   301/s,   while   0.24ha   requires      anil for poor
u
about 120l/s.
Clay   loam.   0.06   ha   requires   about   151/s.   while   0.24ha   requires about 601/*.
land preparation
Typically
efficiencies arc
50%-70%,
2         Border
I mgs non
Many different crops arr grown in basin, particularly field crops such as nee cereals, but also orchards and row crops such a* cotton, mai2c and groundnuts. Basins, particularly small basins on sloping land, are particularly suited to smallholder managed agriculture as farming practices tend to be labour intensive and use of equipment com trained. Borders arc usually rectangular in shape, typically 100 -800 m long and 3-30 m wide with longitudinal slopes of 0.15%-0.6%, and cross slopes of 005% or Jess. Border length depends on soil type and topography, as
well as planned irrigation stream size. For example:
t. 
for a loam soil and an application of 150 mm of water, a width
of 10-12 m. length of 90-180 m and slope of 0.4% is
appropriate requiring an irrigation stream of 35 l/s - 55 l/i.
u. 
for a clay sod and an application of 200 mm of water, a width
of 10-12 m, length of 180 300 m and slope of 0 4% is
appropriate requiring an irrigation stream of 30 l/i - 36 )/s.
< )n sloping soils there is a risk of erosion and small stream sizes and reduced lengths are appropriate. Border irrigation can be adapted to suit most field and row crops and is particularly suitable for flat urgently sloping land, and for larger (commercial) farms using mechanised
A pp he a non
efficiency can be
is high as 80® 4,
but reduces
where there are
sod variations
and for poor
land preparation
or non suitable
irrigation stream
sizes. Typically
efficiencies arc
40%-60%.
agriculture. 
________________________
117
17-M>y 11Frdrf^ Da^KTuAt ftyMctfEthufM, Mtwjfry tffFdtr&EwB
Ejfafm Siit Im&to* 
Pmtif
Irrigation
Method
3A
Furrow
Irripoon
lit
Contour Furrow Irrigation
Furrow Lrngioon ti appropriate tor row crops such as sugarcane, cotton, potato. They are usually V-shaped with widths 250-400 mm. and
depths 150-300 mm depending nq crop, will rypr and srrcnm size. Furrow length depends on soil rypc„ stream size, irrigation depth required and slope. For sandy sods short furrowi arr appropriate m reduce losses. Furrow dopes vuy from 0.1% to about 0.4%, bur must not be so steep that soil erosion occurs (in and zones much steeper
slopes are permissible). For day soils the furrow slope could be about 0-2%, in which case a suitable furrow length would be 370 m with a stream size of 2 5 l/s ro provide 75 mm depth of wiser. In practice, furrow length depends tin land shape and narural Field boundaries and, often, land holdings. Where land slopes increase over about 0.4%. smaller stream sizes must be applied to prevent sod erosion and hence furrow'lengths arc shnrt Furrows arc suited io both commercial mechanised farming on flat or gently sloping land, and also to smallholder cropping of vegetables.
Contour turrows ire similar to the straight down-slope furrows as described above, hut ire aligned close to the contour across sloping land with each furrow- being slight h lower higher than us neighbour. Cool our fumiws are suitrd to land with slopes of up to about 5% (lighr waibl and 8 10% (liable soils and nun-seasonil cropped land such as orchards)28. A 3% limit is considered prudent to a vend any risk of soil erosion due to poor preparation of contour furrows, Unlike terraces contour furrows arc prepared each season. Comnur furrows a_rc hot suited io cracking (day) sods. In heavy nunfall area* furrows should he short to avoid overtopping. and runoff channels should be provided to lead rainfall off the dupe without rrosioD
hu ^uLtl
vaniboy poor hnd
prepare non
if there linn return flm
*P*«n io
water reaching rhe end iterrnai to be recovered and used elsewhere. Typically efbccncjcj arc 40% 60%.
B. Pcetture Irrigation
1          Rotating               Rotating sprinklers consist of one or two nozzles mounted on a body
SpnnkJen;
General
rotated  by  the  action  of  water  striking  a  bbldc.  ‘The  sprinklers  simulate rainfall and, with suitable pipe and sprinkler sizing, and control valves
are adaptable to a range of crop type* and for land slopes up to about
16%, However, above 8% slopes, substantial investment tn soil
cunservjiriofl nieuurrs is required due to intense rainfall that occurs
from time 1o time. Sprinkler! have a c^itiiparativr advantage over surface methods for 5) light permeable (coarse) soils; (ii) shallow soils where
retracing ls not possible without loss in lOil fertility and agricultural
potential; and (ill) Strep dopes and irregular / broken land where
terracing co form bastnt would be expensive; (iv) on credible scili; (v)
for controlled application of fertilisers and Other chcmacab; and (vj)
parocularly where rhe required pressure* ran be obtained by gravity. _____________
EfficiciKk* depend cm speed »«d proper dedgn o* rhe spunkier system
Eflidencics depend   on djitrtburic* uniformity
Tjpi<*fly
60%-‘XJ°A^
B IrrigahDo Theory Al Practice, A .M Michirl
S b 1^4 Jtrdlb 1.4*21 I !-»»»»■.«*■ rn
!1
I7,M*V 11Irrigation
Method
Indicative
Efficiency (%)
Rotating Spnnklers Pressure
Types
Sprinklers are not suited io areas with high average wind speeds and 4.4
m/» (16 km/hr) is the practical maximum. Maximum spnnkler
application rites depend on soil texture, land slope and cover. For
example:
L   For   uniform   silt   loam   on   bare   sod   application   rare   ihould   not be  more  than  13  mm/hr  (0-5%  slopes)  and  10  mm/hr  (5  8%
slopes).
i£ For heavy clay or day loam on bare sod application rate should
not be more than 4 mm/hr (0-5% slopes) and 3 mm/hr (5-8%
slopes) I lowever this does not hold true for cracking vertisols
where application rates should be high until cracks seal, after
which application should immediately cease.
Sprinklers need reb lively clean water compared to surface irrigation
application methods: this may be provided bv night storage reservoirs /
tanks upstream of the system These reservoirs will need periodic
cleaning. Management, operation and maintenance of sprinklers require
gt>od knowledge of sprinkler systems and is costly, particularly if
pumping is required to develop the required pressures.___________________________ The advantages and disadvantages of different pressure systems ire summarised below.
Pres sure
High; 50-100 m
head; Wetted
perimeter 35
120 m
-Disadvantage* Lower  capital  cost  due  ro  high  ,  I-arge  droplet  sizes  Ac  high
area of coverage by each
sprinkler and hence low
density of distribution pipe
work
Medium;     20-50
Good    uniformin’    of    coverage.
precipitation rates can damage
sensitive crops & cause erosion of
non-stable soils. Unless pressure
developed by gravity then pumping
I costs will be high. Uniformity of
coverage poor -good.  
No significant disadvantages.
m   head;   Wetted      Moderate   capital   cost   suitable
perimeter 20  45
m
Low; 5-20 m
head. Wetted
perimeter 10-25
m
for most applications.
High capital cost due to low
coverage per sprinkler and hence
high density of distribution pipe
works.
t
Ixiw pumping costs arc an
advantage where gravity
generated pressures is not
possible. Poor to good
uniformity. Good for orchards
and tree crops. 
Two broad categories are considered:
l Permanent (solid set) where the distribution pipe work is fixed in place, usually
buned, with men to nch sprinkler. Due to high cost this system >« unlikely to be
favoured unless there are severe labour constraints.
i-         Semi-permanent (movable) system where the main distribution pipes ire fixed.
usually buned. but with portable laterals / drag hoses.---------------------------------------------------------------------
^ lkl4DW_________________
i in
17 .May 11rrtifr-M Dtnotrafic Rfpjf&ik rfErbiopJ. Mmitri tf IT jfrr <4 Ew*p
E/tapiM- Nljfr Jry^MT 4*d' DftHMP* Aytf
7.4.2 MCA izjwf ImgrtM Applkaftwr Mtibod
Criteria, (considerations) for selection of appropriate irrigation application method arc d
and evaluated for Upper Belts in Table 7-10 and include:
•       Topographic features such as surface irregularities, steepness of slope and change
slope direction;
•        Wind speed;
•       Soil features such m water holding capacity, intake rate and depth;
•       Water quality and availability;
•       Crops to be grown;
•       Social and management aspects such as existing practices and farmer preferences labour requirements and availability, mechanisation and management requirements for svsicm operation and maintenance;
•       Coats and economic viability.
•       Environmental Considerations; and
•       Government Policy.
Table 7-10; Multi-crilctia Anahsig for Selection of Irrigation
Criteria and Implications for:
Surface 1 rogation
PfHBurc Irrigation
Evaluation Rtnub
for Upper Beks
I. Topography
Land Slope
Land levelling ind shaping jj noc too
expensive for tflue and almost flat land
(less than 3% slopes'). With strrpcr
slopes (bench) terracing costs In form
basins increase. Borden and straight
furrows arc suited to plain Linds with
slopes of about 0.5% or less. Contour
furrow* arc suited to dopes of 3% or
less.
Pressure irrigation is adaptable to a range of sloping land, with conirol
and pressure reducing nlves ensuring unifonnity of distribution If gravity car be used to provide required pressure head (in Mead of
pumping) operating coirs are reduerd. Practical upper limit* of 8% for Wack cracking vertisols and
12% for red lotmv days arc
adopted.
There i:s nu hiiiiKMy of ejcreiiMve terracing :n EthinpLi- This indicitti i risk of poor minag«nw
of terraces / contuirf furrows (by smalLhuldro.! leading to them tailing and resulting in estirtt^ toil loss.
Land shape and regularity
l-ind Levelling and ship ng cosrs increase
for irregular and broken land. Water
conveyance costs also increase-
__-4 *      _ _.J
Pits lure imptfon can be adapted to ^regular / broken Land. Though the
cost for water dutnbution / conveyance increases, the ability of pipe lines IO go up and down hills means the colt may not be much more than for Canals due to shorter
lengths.
[ 'Hie proposed trng^hk
land is feawfval^y
contiguous on th*
bank (in SD/is I &
but much m<rfe brt>kr°
1 ft
and irregular on ^
r
c*
bank (SD-Ai IV * V
Vb F4 Su’d lb 1&I> Deveiciipnscol '1}
120
IT.tfaV JlyiTWrr
B**"*________________________________________________
Criteria and Implications foe
Surface Irrigation
I7l. Sod FeBtufct_______
[Dep<ho(*nl________________
(^d levelling and shaping must not
result tn severe loss of potential for producOVT agriculture by exposing poor
»ub-sods or rock. In practice, deep sods art required where land levelling of sloping land (3% of more) is required. A minimum of 1.5-2 m sod depth is also needed if drainage and/or sod
rec lama non works are necessary.
Pressure Irrigation
Pressure imgatxxi does not require extensive land levelling: in practice only dips and bumps are smoothed over Depth of soils is therefore not such a major constraint. However, sod depth should also be sufficient to tolerate some tod loss and allow (surface) drainage. A minimum sod depth of 0.6 (flat land; and 1.0
m(sloping land) is suggested.
Evaluation Remarks
for Upper Belo
Type of sod______________________________ Surface irrigation efficiencies generally increase with heavier sods which have medium-low infiltration rates Uniform applications arc difficult on light sods: a practical upper infiltration limit of 30
mm/hr u suggested. Surface irrigation is generally considered more suited to cracking vertisols where high rates of applications are possible until sod swells and cracks seal up. After sealing irrigation should stop to prevent erosion.
Pressure irrigation is suited to a wide range of sods, but has a particular advantage over surface irrigation methods in light soils where high efficiencies are maintained. For
cracking vertisols, irrigation applications should lie high for short periods so that the cracks are largely filled before sealing up. Light appheanons may cause the cracks to sea) at the surface without water penetrating well into the root zone. The greater irngaaon effioenev and water control provided by pressure irrigation is beneficial for all soil types which experience drainage
problems.
Pressure irrigation bong more efficient will contribute less to a rue m the water table. However for day sods, including cracking vertisols once cracks seal up, infiltration rates are very slow and there is likely to be little advantage gained from pressure irrigation. As with surface irrigation, (surface) drainage is required to lead off excess water and after rainfall
Sod depths in Upper
Beles constrain irrigable areas over Luge portions of the left bank. There is an inverse correlation between land slope and sod depth, with the
steeper slopes generally having insufficient depth to allow irrigated agriculrurr._____      _____
For the heavy soils (vertisols on the plain and red brown daw- loamy sods on the dopes) a gain tn application wafer use efficiency of 10-20% is considered likch* with pressure (sprinkler) irrigation.
Depthto Water Table
In areas of high water table surface irrigation should not be developed without drainage to allow surplus water
io be lead away.
Surface drainage will be provided over the irrigation command area for controlled removal of excess water into the natural drainage system fie gullies, streams and over*).
• •*«
17 May 11Mwatfn
Ej£i0mvNi£ IrrtyH** D««* Pryrt
Criteria and Implications for:
Surface Irrigation
Preifiure Irrigation
III. Water Qualify and Availability
Water Quality-oedimcat load ___________
Surface imgation allows fine sediments
to be transported to turner Gelds
helping to iuitair. fernliiy
Pressure irrigation methods,
partieuhrly drip., are vulnerable to
blockage either due to sediments or
chemscal nr biological growths.
Settling tanks / reservoirs and /or
filters ire required.
■ ■ ■ „.
sediments i0 j*
removed
Water Availability
~~--------- —
When water u icuce Uid/nr fas high value the investment in more efficient ^pressure) irrigation is likely to be justified
Pr« sure irrigituHi ■stJI result in efficiency of 10-20 %.
IV. Proposed Crop®
Surface negation is suited to all crops
Pressure (spunkier) lmganon it not suited to rice and results in yields about 25% lower thin paddy nee grown in flooded basins.
Adopting pressure (spruikler) Will negate riz future option of cropping paddy nee.
V. Social and Management {Zocbiidenitioois: Smallholder i. Comnirrriiil farm*
Surface irrigation methods ate considered suited both smallholder and commercial farms Typical lalx>ur requuements arc fa 0.5-1.5 hn/'ha for basins; fa) 1-3 hrs/ha for boardera; and fill) 2-4 hrs/ha foe farrows.
This. compares to: fa 1.5-3 hrs/hi for sponkkra; and fa) 0.2-0.5 hri/hi for
lrickk»
Pressure irrigation, particularly over slopes, requires technical knowledge for e ffictmt dislnbuuon, correct operation of control valves, uniform pressure distribution and periodic flushing of sediments. Smallholder prcMUir Lmgatiun systems should be developed with cannon and only
with enthusiastic smallholder interest and support.
O&M of pressure: (sprtnkler) systems Toiid pose a problem TO smallholder farms, particularly as cash |& foreign exchange) wuld be required io replace worn, out parts-
1  Smallholder sponkfer irrigirir'ii is be** igogjyL
Pressure irrigation far Commercial estates is likely to be lew nf a rule as eiiates should have the necessary expertise for efficient operation and maintenance of pressure systems, iind to meet maintenance costs.
VI. Coats and Economic Viability
Capital Cotta
..___ -—
Costs far surface irrigation application method* are about 4D-60% of pressure
(sprinkler) irrigation for flat or almost flat plain*, but increase whh land slope and (trraciiig costs. Adopting narrow
Pressure irrigation application methods are expensive. due ro costs of pumping plant (unless press ureS can be buJt up by gcaviryh pipe deliver? system® and appbc alien
cmlt   O
Pressure, ft*
could be develop^ K gm^n-fur P"i thl’rt,e command <re* re<luCtnJ!
 l  rthiL£>££? -— '
n
75 Rein Small-scale: Pumped ImfilBLitl! cnrigy Ac cost. FAO lmj*jrno U. tret Mjnjgrmrnt TtAirafiiR Manual
Uh F4 StQlb I Ad 3 1 lexJonmtmr Hitil*"
Criteria and Implications for
ation
Pleasure Irrigation
|CfrtCe
 .sdths for ’tfCP" *teP« rrd,xcs
lnJ[J practical minimum of about
suited to facilitate farming
systems The equipment also has 1 shorter working life than surface
irrigation infrastructure-
Evaluation Remarks
for Upper Bdet
However it remains more
expensive than surface
irrigation.
.^eratwn*-___ ___ _______________________
O&M Co**’
'Surface
bbour
Pressure irrigation requires pumping
See above.
intensive, repairing earthen bunds,
with associated operation coats,
(maces and canal pnsm sections. < )&-M
unless sufficient head 11 available for
coin ui'“Uv less ,h,n th<MC for
gravin' to maintain pressures in
pressure irrigation systems.
pipelines Pressure bead to rotating
sprinklers should be 25-45 m.
VII. Fnviroomcntl* ConaideratiooB____________________ ___________________________________________ Providing the charactensucs of the different methods are considered and suited to the land, soil and water
environment, impact will l>e minimised. For example terracing of shallow soils must be avoided, and
controlled drainage must be provided to mitigate impact of water able and / or taliiury build up and sod
| croiion.____________________________________________________________________________________ VIII. Government Policy __ 
Relevant policies / programmes include: (i) The Plan for Accelerated and Sustainable Development to End Poverty (PA.SDEP); and (ii) A gn cultural Development Led Industrialisation. PAS DEP expresses the view that (tcctitraltd growth will Ar pntraltd through grrattr i-nmnormduation of agricuitxrt. rural dnriopwrid and pnoatt ititor dt9ttopa"nf. Acquisition of advanced technology and raising the skills of the labour force is equally considered instrumental for rapid and sustainable growth. ADI J includes for jprciahiation, divrrnficatioa and eoiwiwrraahi ation of aputdnrtdprodnOton. Government policy therefore is ambivalent concerning irrigation method, bur
indicates that commercial development is seen as the way forward together with measures to raise
productivity of smallholders. 
________________  _______________________
* * Spnnkkr Irrigation and U'tnd Spttds
A sprinkler capable of meeting the peak crop water requirements associated with sugarcane (ie ibout 0.65 1/s/ha, 5.4 mm/d, 162 mm per month, see Section 4 4 2) could be a brass impact linit with a 5.16 mm main nozzle, Rainbird 14070b or equivalent. This spunkier has the following characteristics:
•     Q       =             1.81 m’/hr
•     H       =             3.0 bar
•     Radius- 15.9 m
Sprinkler cffiacnCy recommended sprinkler spacings are affected by wind speeds.
t
' pnnkling is not recommended under strong wind conditions Average wind speeds for the
’ pper Belts schemes are tabulated below, and tn the main irrigation months from January io A PnJ fall into categories of no-wind to light wind. Under these conditions, sprinkler spacing up
^■65 of sprinkler diameter coverage is possible For the above sprinkler with a 15.9 m throw X,diu$. ** ’P»ang may therefore be up to 20.7 m; 18.0 m is suggested Each spnnkJcr therefore ^Raies an average area of 254 m , giving an application rate of 7.1 mm/hr. To apply 130 mm
° ’'ater would therefore take 18-19 hours.
2
' J r*  rthb
s
I&tJUcvcll.___________
111
17.M1V-11aj'Erirrtw. Mituffry a/IT** Efit^krir                                1             JWrf
Table 7-1L Wind Speeds
Nr
Wind
Category
Wind Speed Range
Avg Speed in Upper
Be Icr (lon/d)
m/s
km/d
J?£L
Feb
Mar
Apr
1
No wind
0
0.7
0          60
41
55
2
Jjghl
0.7
2.5
60
216
75
75
3
Moderate
2-5
3.5
216
302
4
Strung
15
302
7.4.4        Cm/ Ctwipdriw of ImgtifwtztypWon Option/
(a)            Introduction
For Upper Bek* the choicr of pressure against surface is largely influence by coms and perceived management (O&Mj risks ot (i) terraces if surface irrigation of 3-8% slopes is adopted; and (ji) prrssurr equipment in paraeulax any pumping equipment,
Preliminary costs (included discounted recurrent O&M costs) have been determined for sloping land (5-12%) for (t) surface irrigation; (ii) pressure (spunkier) irrigation with pumps to develop pressure, and (ill) pressure (sprinkler) irngaoon where pressures can be developed by gravity Costs considered include
•      Pumps, pipeline? and sprinkler system costs;
•      Surface irrigation canals de associated structures;
•      Land development costs (surface irrigation only);
•      SWC costs;
■ Maintenance costs; and
•      Pumping costs.
(b)            Scheme I>o rJopmefit Capital Costs
Pressurised irrigation involves substantial capital investments for:
•      Pumps (except where it is possible to command a pressurised distribution system from a high level canaTi;
•      Pipe distribution system;
•      Ort farm irngatbn systems; and
•      Power lints (or generators if no nearby source of elrctnaty).
Tndicative costs, from the Megcdi (West) pumped irrigation feasibility stLiriy'*' (2,266 ha surface plu* 2,719 ha pirssurc irrigation) arc tabulated below’, 'Dicsc indicate pressure application to b* 2-3 limes rnorr expensive than gravity application for this plain area.
w Mcgtch Pump 'Jhcrahal IrngaTuin A Drarmpi.’ J’FQjm, TA HAL & ( .'occefi Lfi^ncciiftp A; (kirnultiitj.' Enlcrp™** Mi*
Ub ]“< SfQib IAD DrwdcMpmnnr i l’i
l ix
j-'-Mav-U£ fhlOt*a' * Water & f
kio 7-12: Capital Costs of Pressurised & Gravity Application Methods
r 2l-— 
Description
I CostOJSi
Imgaoon development costs for (he Sego project'’ were $ 5,0()0/ha for surface irrigation and $7 500-8.000/ha for pressure irrigation These costs exclude headworks development costs, via the dam and main canals, and for any drainage Including for the headworks costs were J7.500- 8,000/ha for surface irrigation, ind $11.000-12.000/ha for pressure
Ground slopes at Sego varied between 1-2% with an average slope (say) of 1%; and land grading at $9OO/ha was included ovex 25% of the land area in the overall costs.
(c)            Land Development Costs
Most (78.9%) of the commercial estate lrngablc area will only require land smoothing and a representative average land development cost is about L'SJ 1,500/ha.
(d)            Maintenance Costs
For irrigation systems maintenance costs may accurately be determined over time by development of maintenance yardsticks (unit rates). For feasibility assessments annual maintenance costs are usually taken as a percentage of the capital construction costs. For the purposes of this cost comparison the following percentages arc adopted
•     Surface irrigation systems: 3%
•     Sprinkler irrigation systems: 4%
(c) Pumping Power Requirements and Costs
Pumping b  required for pressurised (sprinkler) irngwon if required pressures cannot be generated by gravity.
IX-veUw^,... ms
17-May 11V
Ft&r*' Df***&c             of EltoopM. Miartn of ITatrr & Eittfl f-jtovtMt Xir JrrjjrfOtfir rwJ Dn»«di* Prwnr
Pumping power requirement! are calculated as:
O(/.'s)x///(m)
«»«>' rc«ix-,2
where
•     He i$ (he toti) head,
•     el is the pump efficiency; and
•     c2 is (he dming efficiency (electric motor or diesel engine)
Typical efficiencies ire ’*:
•     Pump efficiency 0.5-0.8;
5
-
•     Electric motor efficiency’ 0 7-0.9;
•     Diesel engine efficiency' 0 5-0.75.
The overall pumping efficiency under field conditions ranges accordingly from 0 35 in engine driven units to 0.50 in motor driven pump*
Assuming a flow of I m'/s and total head of 35 m. lhe power requirement would be:
•     For elcctnc powered pumps:        P = (1000 x 35) /(102 x 65 x 8) = 660 kW
•     For diesel powered pumps           P = (1000 x 35) /(102 x .65 x 6)                 880 kW
Elcctnc pumping is cheaper and is likely to be adopted If reliability of elcctncal supply is an issue, then standby diesel generators may be considered The annual electric pumping cost pe ha toi a gross lmganon application of 800 mm (sufficient to grown mix of dry season crops’ u tabulated below for vinous pumping heads An electricity tariff of E’lU 07/ k\X“h is adopted
Table 7-13: Annual Electric Pumping Cotta
Nr
Head 1
(®)
Power
Required al
1.000 1/s (kW)
Pumping
Duration to pump
8,000 m  (hra)
Coat
(ETB/ba)
1
Energy to
pump 8,000 m’
(kWh)
-—:—
CoM
(VSl/W
J 1
I
1
20
392
870
609
95____ J
2
40
”84
2.22
1,740
3
60
1.176
2.610
1.827
Note:: VS$ - 118 ETR
(C Cost Summary
. P11*! rccunw costa of surface and pressure (spnnkler) irrigation, exclude
. majn canal iysirm  j ^ ^
<  n   l|
« for sloping land where ImKlnR B
developed by gnviiy 1^°“'
■he rurf.ee unction op JT
c lnren^ cost5 wc ^b^ted below *rhc vah*5 L
,hlt **lurfacc ‘^Don “ “*-!*»•. ground‘
(M ' ’ mOrC “Pra5ire> whclt ,hc
pUmping “ *b°Ut ’’% eXPf
”, tb»»
12  Handbook (\> Prowrurd                     Techruquea, FAO, 2007 Sec tv m 4 6 Ub F4 SrOlb IAD ------------------
cm■J
""“"9 * rjtrr *
7-14
for Option* for land with 3-12% Slope (I S$/h»2
Table
Nr
Item
Surface
irrigation
Sprinkler®
with pump*
7,000
1
2
3
4
5
3,500
1.500
200
5,200
1
2
3
4
Capital Co*M
p^p,. pipelines >nd sprinkler system including
r connection
Pipelines and sprinkler system fie pressure
/Iwjoped by gravity)_____________________________ Surface irrigation (with option for down slope
conveyance pipelin c)
f Terracing costs
SU’C measures
Recurrent Co»t«
Annual  maintenance  of  L’SS  156  /ha  (3%  of capital  costs;  discounted  at  10%  over  20  years
.Annual  maintenance  of  L’S$  304  /ha  (4%  of capital   costs;   discounted   at   10%   over  20   yean Annual  maintenance  of  LJSS  244  /ha  (4%  of capital  costs'  discounted  at  10%  over  20  years Annual  pumping  costs  of  L’S$  143/ha  (60  m  head) discounted   at  10%   over  20   rears  (unless  pressure
can be developed by gravity ,i
Sub-total
3,145
10J45
71%
1,717
7,817
24%
4 5 Condnnnnj and Rfivmmtndarjonj
r>ue to the high ask posed by smallholder managed pressure sprinkler systems including foreign exchange requirements, it is not recommended for smallholders The light winds in ’ pper Beks mean that sprinkler surface irrigation is feasible for the commercial (sugar) estate. However though fragmented the shallow slopes of the irrigable estate land (78.9% has less than
° slopes), combined with the heavy vertisols that make up 81% of the estate area (refer Table 4) indicate that water use efficiency gains are likely to quite small 5-10%.
The high cost of pressure (spnnlder) irrigation with pumping (71% higher than surface ° Ot Cons,dcrcti to ** lusoficd. However where pressures can be developed bv
IB tnd 1VB_W’thc COSt mcrcasc (24%) « not so high and pressure irrigation
(1)
127
I7-May-11e
.j-j-jnon development options are therefore envisaged
T ’”.%- > ■ **>
„ well« f« *"> out-grower* fie LLI 1,2 & 3); or
. Option 2 Surface irrigation development for smallholder farms. for
medium sized commercial estates and for the cote sugar estate except for spnnkkr irrigation can be development by gravity, see below (lc UT
Pressures for sprinkler irrigation can be des eloped by gravity over 14.709 ha 10 36.225 ha core sugarcane estate area, in die following two stage development
•     SDA IB-E (Right Bank) in two pressure zones commanding a net irJ T 6.693 ha (see Figure 7-2 at the end of this Chapter); and
•     SDA IVB (Izft Bank) in three pressure zones commanding a net irri ha (see Figure 7-3 & Figure 7-4 at the end of this Chapter)
£ ,h "™n“"“l *"■' **«.
n ^-
'
Wt *<’1
Pressure system design and Al size layout maps arc gtven in the Engineering:                        4
Damage supplementary report, and is the Album of Maps, Al
Pressure (sprinkler) trngauon is particularly attractive for the left bank in stage develops
area 1VB-W where the land is much more fragmented than in SDA IB. and slopes rither steeper In IVB AV 67.8% of the gross irrigable area has slopes <Wo. This compares wnh O for stage development area IB on the right bank, see Table 7-15 below.
A recommended vanahor. of Option 2 is for pressure (sprinkler) irrigation only in die krt » m SDA IVB W
lib R SrfHK l>-rst **—*•»»>af
hf^Hf*** .\'nir
f-
r>rur9^ l‘*rrM
Table 7-15: Prraaurc Im^ a doo Are mb disaggregated b\ aoil A slope
Land Suitability
SDA A Preaaure
Zone
Ir
1 Iv
2r
J 2v
3r
1 3v
4r
4v
St 1
5v
Irrigable
command Area
Net It rigablc
Command Area 1
L
0-2%
2-3%
3-6%
6-8%
8-12%
N2
(M
(h.)
J IB: PZ 1
326
1  3,541
—
31
191
0
1?2
0
0
0
0
297
4.558
43071
_
( IB PZ 2
7.1%
77.7%
07%
4.2%
0.0%
3 8%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
6 57b
100%
94 5% 1
12
1,882
too
203
114
68
0
0
8
0
137
2.525
2.386
0.5%
74 5%
4.0%
8 0%
4 5%
2.7%
0.0%
o.o*.
0 3%
0 0%
5 4%
100%
94 57.
Tools
338
5,423
132
394
114
240
0
0
8
0
434
7,6*3
6.693
48%_
76.6%
1.9%
5.6%
L6%
3.4%
0.0%
0 0%
0.1%
00%
6.17b
1007.
9457b
6,287
554
8
434
88 8%
5.0%
0.1%
6 1%
IV’B-W: PZ 1
1
1.584
0
402
0
240
8
0
0
513
2.751
2599
0.0%
57.6%
0.0%
14.6%
0.0%
8.7%
0.3%
007.
0.05.
0.0%
18 67.
100%
94 J%
IVB-W: PZ 2
0
1,080
0
387
46
281
0
0
3
0
357
2,154
2035
0.0%
50.1%
0.0%
18 0%
2.1%
13.1%
0.0%
00%
0.1%
0.0*7.
16.6%
100%
94 57.
IVB-W: PZ3
22
1,767
14
488
70
583
17
0
0
0
719
3,578
3,381
0.6%
49.4%
0.4%
13.6%
20%
10.7%
0.5%
00%
0.0%
0.0*.
207.
1007.
94.57.
Totals
23
4,431
14
U77
116
905
25
0
3
0
1.589
8,482
8,016
03%
522% |
02%
15.1%
14%
10.7%
03%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
18.77.
1007.
94.57.
5,745
1,046
3
1.589
67.8%
12-4%
0.07.
18.7%
lb P4 Sr01b IdcD Development (1)
129
P MiyF.^/^warux 
Net
Ahaufn *fWvtn
Pn»«^r P-vnr
7.5
75.1
L^d Development
Ijutd Sm'bt’i.l /
land  development  has  two  components:  Smoothing  and  terracing  I  ,  l( graded to provide uniform slopes of about 0 2-0.4% tn the direction of Earthmoving quantities will be those required to smooth out any mic ' '
500 m’/ha is assumed land steeper than 3% will require bench terra ' Snd *
o'
3 *‘ **ope
'
752
Tffn*WJ'
• nroDOse
d terracing » required of land slopes from 3-12% (b^
Where surface irq?°   “
nn
P
About 12.210 ha (17% of the total irngable „0
red loamy ind
. f .mJlholdcr farms and 6.672 ha of the comme^
(arms/estates
Table 7-16: Terracing requirement for Upper Belca
J
_________ Detcription
Smallholder (LUT 1)
HemMria
U         Red icih with > 3% sl< «pc___________
1.4
- Vcrtuols sods with > 3%jlopc
_         _ _       _          __
Sut>-«o<*l
2       Commercial eatate (LUT 2)
Commercial eitatc (LUT 2)
•Red toils with > 3% slope
3.7%
4 2%
7.9%
12
24      - Vcnnolt mils with > 3* > slope _
Area (ha) »/.
2,60”
2,93)
5,539
1.458
Sub-<ou|
Sub*toul
Total
5.214             7.4%
6,672             9.5%
12^210 J 17.0% 
3r,4rjr
3v, 4v
3r, 4r, 5r
3v. 4v
*** Gn* Irn^ Area b 70,451 ha
extensive tot] cfosj^tk^^
follow^
nOt
^ hort^ tcnn *oss ln SQ|1 fertility. and poses 1 risk of This risk can to an extent be mitigated by th
daw)^ UPPCr llOpe hnU' fof lerriang of 8% (vertisols) and 12% (red loa^
than fbi red 1  tCXTaCC1 bunds with relatively shallower back-slope for veftr**
Provision of an
Provision of
Planting of 4
Removal of^ '
tenac
c
stabdttv i
2H for vertisols and 1VL0.5H for Joamy-cbw;. t ^fllnaRr system for safe removal of surplus water;
tO tcrraces to Prevent uncontrolled flow from foe *cf3Cf
dong the terrace edges or terrace back-slopes;
lnc ^ placement al the toes of terrace510100
CfT  ces as
*       pan of the project, and before irrigation water n    fP
5U
Tn further mjtjgatc
foat only davumc irn<nr
UT ^ltR,° ln^ failure of terraces night storage is pM*’-
Ration CKcur
s
Very narrow temces will reduce efficiency of field operations are not less than 10 m. The proposed terrace widths art shown irrigation method
along  *’
5     lT^
F4S«0lbl4D DewiX^^'0***'**'
Slope (%)
Terrace Width (m)
Suggested to
minimize cotta
Adopted for Study
Schemes
Envisaged
Irrigation Method
0.1
641- 150
100
OJ
30-75
60
Furrow irrigation
05
12-30
44)
1.0
6-15
30
20
3-73
25
Contour furrow /
3.0
2-5
23
Basm irrigation
40-8.0
.3 - 4.0
15
84-12.0
2-3.0
10 (min;
Basin Irrigation
Indicative costs for land development are tabulated below in Table 7-18. Unit rates were determined for levelling bv grader and by manual labour. In all cases grader levelling is likely to be cheaper, with land development costs varying from ETB 12,000/ha (US$ 720/ha) for land where only smoothing is required (ic <3% slopes), to ETB 32,000/ha (US$ 1,920 for more steeply sloping land (8-12% slopes).
Table 7-18: IndicativeCosta of Land Development (Terra< ing & Smoothing)
1
Slop. (%)
Terrace
Width
(m)
Cut
/ FiD
Volume
(m’ /
m)
Terracing
(m’/ha)
Land
Smoothing
(nP/ha)
Unit rate
(ETB/nP)
using
Grader for
Terraces
Unit rate
(ETB/mO
using Grader
for Land
Smoothing
Total
Cost
(ETB /
h«)
Total
Cost
(USS/
ha)
o-or.
-
500
-
24
01 0.15%
500
-
24
0.15-02%
•
-
500
-
24
02-0.5%
-
500
-
24
12.000
720
05-1%
-
-
500
-
24
L L_2%_
•
500
-
24
2J%
500
-
24
_ 3 • 6%
15
0338
1.27
844
500
16.05
24
25,546
1.530
6 L«%
- J_9_
0.35
0.88
875
500
12.04
24
22.536
1,350
_j 12%
10
———
0.5
1.25
1,250
500
16.05
24
32,068
1.920
lixchingc rate USS 1.0 - 1-7173 16 7
1 or the whole scheme the total grading / terracing cost will be about ETB 940 million (USS 56 .3 million). equivalent to US$881 / ha over the net lrngablc area of 63,871 ha'Y
Ub j.4
‘^lopoj^t 'j)
131
17-Nfay-llhw'PtwA        Rjifa
EAtpa Axe /rqptfw tri P **#
.^fntrrtrrreH’ii^P
9         Prgft!
u
7.6.1
]1igb(S<° *  Afft^
nc
(h "a
S *h‘ A S° nlgh’ ‘““T/’netf ’ Opt»”B: S^  Lore than 
1
hC,d °f SeCOndMy Can‘ls‘lnd ak>ng ,CC0^,
** reSenOU '° **
fooa(leIl00flS whxh may ju»ofy mght storage for surface imgation include cost.
r , »n water use effiaenq, management tmpbeanons, and social implications Xer cornea. These are presented below in Table 7-19
If pressure imgition is adopted then, of course, no night storage is required would run through the night
Table 749: Considerations in forming night storage for surface irrigation
** ’P00^
i
Comideradoo
Cost
Land take
3
Impact on water
me efficiency
______________________ Commenti
The   cost   of   providing   night   storage   accrues   from   the   cost   of   the   resent themselves and the cost of providing canals with larger capacities downi^ ’
Indicitrvc costs arc given in Section 7.6.2.
The land take of night storage reservoirs depends pnmanjv on the w’orkmghr*i Assuming a working head of 0.8 m thr Land lake is about 0.6% for 12 hnd 1 irrigation If the working head was doubled land take would half In fppet Bee.
the quite steep slopes will enable working head of 1.5-2m and land taken
expected to be less than 0,5%.
The impact on water application efficiency depends a great deal on the cop1
being cultivated and the application method used. For example then
little impact for rscc being grown in ponded rtcc basins, but conndertbk er®
for dry-foot row crops cultivated in furrows. This is because for dee 81
small stream flow’s can be set and require little tending- For furrows.caK
0ver I continuous lending is required to avoid: (i) furrow over tcppm£ u
| to furrows causing water to runoff through tad drains (where provi causing flooding at the tad ends of furrows
"7
I
I
I
Purrou
^°sR3 J“ni*. gat  f0 0ViConfj      effidenri,   S Can b* as ^gh is 90% but arc tvpiciDr 40-7C**
PPh >nd furrow-end ponding typically range trom2-v - —«• tn «-c and     ‘L
djy 
^«th <kv time ’ •
tl nof
lr ngaoe• n furrow end p>onding is easy to see
n   Urk   r   **   >T    n,^ir    furrows   a   10-15%   gain   m   apptac**1
cfc**'
I
•’ fn
* ' «°"Pu adopted
h
4
U* nd*P1r!'r1pfiurraellouOn, 5,
"*  **  don'  duanj,  f,  y1'  “  * 
ma or
effi a«>aeS can be u high a. W> andf^
'    «u»e  of  loam.  Although  land  P1^"
high lpotJ u. ‘ '-toner, often need water m the bauB> to
i
-^l!jj_bronJvabou $•
t
c ®c*ency B*uu of fUKht 5,of’#e *tW’V
w  Surface Irnptxxi Spirins &. Prince. Mehryn Kay.
Cb F4 SrOlb iftcO Drvdnpmm* n'•flir
•Vr •'
f'Afta idera ci o n
Comment.
Nf^
For the Upper Beles scheme a mix of basin and furrow irrigation is envisaged, with furrow irrigated sugarcane on part of the flat Dcrcbey & Werk Meda plains and surrounding areas, and basins and furrows for a range of smallholder managed crops I"be overall gain in application efficiency from night Stonge is Ukelv to be about 10%.
()n-farm water distribution, rotating flows to irrigators in rum. is also more difficult at night resulting in increased ternary level water losses as water is lost due to spillage, and over / under supply to groups. Theft of water, common on manv smallholder irrigation systems, is also difficult to control at night
()ffsetnng some of the efficiency gains will be loss of water from the storage reservoirs, though ihis is negligible for clay lined reservoirs or where geomembranrs are provided Probable more significant arc losses due to inequity of flow’s if travel times from storage reservoirs to the furthest fanner fields arc
too long
4
Management
implications
Including night storage to enable only day time irriginon makes management of the canal system rather more complex than for continuous 24 hr irrigation. The main irrigation system up to and including the night storage reservoirs would require opera non by a competent organisation. However this should be the case with/without night storage, for example there will be a need to instigate
rotations of supplv to secondary canals and reduce supply during non-pcak
demand months.
A major nsk of terracing slopes for irrigated agriculture is poor water management resulting in terrace bund breaches and progressive terrace failure and soil erosion. Night srorage enables only day-time irrigation and mingates this
nsk.
5
< )perat>on
Implication*
Outlet gates from the rught storage reservoirs will need to be closed in the late afternoon and opened in the early morning To prevent inequity of distnbunon the canal pnsm downstream of the night storage reservoirs should be filled before the downstream gates supplying of flaking tertiary canals arc opened. For a reservoir supplying a (nuximum) 3 km length of secondary- this would take about 2.3 hrs assuming a discharge of 0.57 m /s and a prism section area of 1.58
s
m*.
Adopting 12 hour irrigation from 06.-00 hrs to 18:00 hrs then the reservoir gates should be opened at about 04:00 in the morning, and closed ar about 16:30 hrs
at night
6
Maintenance
Implications
7
Sedimentation may be a minor problem, rrungared by the sand trap provided just downstream of the diversion war. Weed growth will need at least annual
clearance.
Social
A major advantage of rughi storage reservoirs is that it allows farmers to imgare ^during day light hours. With 24 hr irrigation half the farmers would irrigate at
Srt >1b |*n
l) cvc|npmcnt (l)
133
17-May 11i’tOrvf Dr*ro*rrt; R/paii; of E.'toopu Mniftry of IF^rr & Eoorp l:tt*ofwt JV«> Im^ottoo ooo Dnan^e PmttiS
7.62           N%bt Storvft Cost Btoffit Aiu/pw
A cost - benefit analysts Has been earned out for the night storage options with the folfowin
15 sumptions
•      Construction costs based on additional costs for the night storage reservoirs, and for the increased canal pnsm capacities downstream of the reservoirs;
•      I’hc benefit accruing from a 10% increase in water use efficiency; and
•      Discounting of the benefit stream over 25 years at a 10% discount rate to compart present costs and benefits
(a)            Construction Costs
Typical secondary and tertiary canal design capacities and costs are summarised below in Table 7-20 for each option along with required storage reservoir sues and costs. Costs are for a typical secondary command of 600 ha composing ten tertian' units averaging 60 ha The extra over cost of providing night storage for the scheme is likely to be about (JS$ 101 / net irrigable
ha
1 'bF4 StOlb IAD
1)
134bk 7 
Storage Comparative Coats
Item
Option A
No night
Option B
With Night
AuumptionB
storage
AG«E«L------- -------------- ;--------------------- ----
^ orjin       c^ndde     yn     dneharge     into     reservoir     Q/sj
582     Secondary unit irrigable
“t^dan canddcsign discharge from reservoir 1 /sj secondary cornmand (FSL-OGLJ (m)
Tertur canal dischargcj/si----------------------------------
\veragc secondary command iFSL < >GL) [m
B Cota of Storage Reaervoin (j>cr 600 ha secondary unit)
jjfrwking head fm) _ _
Reservoir  J______________
Total reservoir *fca ? <_
Rfiervoir area % of CCA
Eirthwodu cost, ETB
_
1J64
0.40
area of 600 ha
1
,_I1O_ Tertiary unit CCA of
0.20     600 ha
Total cost adopted is the
earthworks costs
increased 40% for
associated structures,
fencing. etc
Reservoir cost. ETB
C. Com for Canala 
■
Secondary  canal  earthworks  cost.  ETB
Ternary canal earthworks coat, ETB
Toad earthworks cost. ETB
Canal coat including structures, ETB
Total coat ETB
Total coat USS
30% increase
Foe 600 ha
Extra-over cost*, L’$$
1,085,000
5H.000
1.600,000
2,080,000
2,080,000
124,400
0
Extra over costs, L’S$/ha 0
•Note, exchange rate adopted I USS - ETB 16 7
(b)            Benefits
0.3%
371,300
520,000
1,345.000
629.000
1.974,000
2,567,000
3,087,000
185,000
60,600
101
Ibe benefits of night storage are those stemming from the increase in water use efficiency’ enabled by day time irrigation, assumed to be 10 %. With reference to Section 7.3.3 above the ' ^ater may be related to the gross margin for the crops cultivated giving a value of
ETB 0.9/m\ or USJ 0.053/nP
d°Pbng maize, the volume of irrigation water required in rhe dry season is about 0.76 m ^Kluding 50% losses), giving a value for the water used of ETB 6,640/ha, USf 400 / ha each
year.
fuming a 10% lncrcasc m cffidcncy 5ternmlng from night storage reservoirs, giving an annual
n of IJS$ 40/ha. and discounting over 25 years at a discouni rare of 10% give a net Vj ^Uc US$ 360/ha, much more than the cost of providing night storage of USS
l6c£) [y
CVc*°Pm«ll (I)
135
17 May-11tiffafm Nii I'Ttfaf'" attdD^^f Pm*
ft)              Recommendation
Assuming a 10% increased water use efficiency accruing from night storage and that the v
of water equates to a proportion of the value of the crop cultivated, then adoption of **
storage is an economic proposition.
Other benefits include enabling farmers to irrigate tn social (daylight) hours, nutating
the nsk of over-irrigation on terraces which could result in terrace failure and soil erosion, and avoiding crop losses that may accrue from over / under irrigation
Provision of night storage reservoirs near the heads of secondary canals, and (mid-wav) dor^ secondary canals more than 3*4 km long, is proposrd.
Measures are required to avoid the storage reservoirs becoming a vector for transmission of diseases such as malaria, and io prevent accidental entry and drowning of animals and humin*
Management O&M procedures arc slightly more complex with night storage and procedures
will have to be disseminated to irrigators to avoid, for example, upstream farmer* opening thru tertian gates early (before 06:00 hours) and before the secondary canal pnsm fills to the end
7.7 Resettlement, L*nd Confotidsaon sad A cquisidon
7.7.f
Developing an efficient and productive irrigation scheme in Upper Bcles requires resettlement, land consolidation and acquisition to:
•     Consobdatc fragmented smallholder land holdings into one (maximum two) ungated holdings wuhin, if possible, a single tertiary unit;
•     Resettle smallholder* from (i) the reservoir area; and (ii) the core sugar estate command area into the smallholder farm areas;
•      Address the skewed lind holding and landless so that (i) farmers do not have rights r more land than then they can farm, and (ii) landless who make up about 11-22° °f,r households in the command area have access to a minimum irrigated holding and a stake in the farmer institutions for system O&M;
•      Facilitate terracing of sloping land and precision levelling (land smoothing' f°  plain
r
land with suitable basin sizes and furrow lengths, spacing and slopes;
•     Enable field rectuigulatioo to facilitate field operations and mechanisation, and
•      .Allow construction of irrigation and drainage infrastructure and all weather roads.
Also, within the projert area some farmers existing tainted plots fall outside the irrigable command area, in areas de sign a ted for communal grazing or forestry, within the nverine corridors along the stream and overs or in the four SDAs where only rain fed croppy planned These farmers will need to be allocated land wjthin the imgablc command ajret
Ub F4 Si*Dlb IfirD Drvdnptnrat (])
136
p-MaH1....             olEi**™- Mmiitf) tf V'attr tf’E/mp
Rcseitlaw"' “ tllc g*™™1 sensc ■’ assoaated with the following;
•     Lind acquisition;
•     Allocation of consolidated imgable land holdings; and
•     Relocation of households from one area to another
(a) I .and Acquisition
l^nd acquisition is relatively straight forward The land acquired for project infrastructure, including the irrigation and drainage system, the storage dam if constructed, as well as for the all-weather roads will be compensated for by provision of alternate (irrigated) plots of land
within the command area, with cash payments for loss of cropping
(b) Allocation of Consolidated Irrigable Land 1 foldings
There arc currently about 18.602 rural I LH currently farming land in near the Project area35, of which about 1,416 (8%) arc landless
Assuming resettlement of 203 households displaced from the storage reservoir (if constructed), as well as modest population growth over 20-30 yean, the total number of farming households
7                36. These would require about 20,000 ha of net irrigable land leaving the balance for commercial farms.
It is likely that allocations of imgable land will lake into account current socio-economic status and registered land use rights of households. For example, (i) the landless would get a minimal net imgable holding of say Oil ha; (u) resettled households and existing SU1 households
would get say 0 82 ha. and (ill) existing MLH and 1-LH households would get irrigated farm areas pro-rata to rheir existing land use nghi holdings to a maximum of say 4.0 ha.
Panners would be allocated irrigable land parcels in one (at most two) tertiary units to promote efficient irrigation
(c)            Relocation of Rural Households
No settlement of additional households within the project area is proposed, except those (up to 203 HH) displaced by the construction of the storage reservoir.
I-and allocation optimisation modelling with establishment of commercial cstare(s) over about 4 °’00fl ha gives estimates of the required movement (relocation) of households from one SDA
t0 mother within the project area Results are tabulated below tn Table 7-21 for both urban and nnil populations within each SDA
to be allocated land is expected to be about 20,4 9 11H
U5CT' 5000 ccooomicM (Summary Report;
d Agnculrure and Agro eamocuc Dcvdopmcot Planning report
^ekipmcnt
17 Miy 11Frtfrrui'
LjhHfvr, Mrvjrr? iffa/tr & harp
flXOwptCT Nair Irr^r.TM jnd Drw^t Ptyril
Concerning the rural population for the right bank:
•      1,930 HH> would be relocated out from SDA IB where the commercial be established on the right bank.
203 HH would be relocated from the reservoir area (if construcirdj Households from rhe reservoir area and SDA IB would be moved into SD of 2.132 HH.
Concerning the rural population for the left bank:
!U ^«ne11V;
1,089  ILHs   would  be  relocated  out  from  SDA  TVB-W  where  rhe is to be established on the left bank;
commeraal.^^
The  displaced  households  from  IVBW  would  be  moved equally into I\^E[Tsr.
IVC-N.
Chenh there is reasonable balance between kft and right bank with little relocation of households across thcMain Beles river expected.
New additional settlements are not envisaged, but towns within the project area arc orpeerrd id grow fist with the project, vis Fendika^ Werk Meda and Pawc
Sizable new accommodation and cane crushing factory ind associated buildings will be required for the new sugarcane estate, and arc proposed to be constructed near rhe Main Belos river in SDA IVBAV
LTt* 1''4 ScflJh IA[) r^rVriopnjnnf fl J
118
l?WJ’Tabic 7-21: Numbera of .Hou Beholds to he Re-located
1                ----- --------------------------- RP
—k—rrr-
B
IVA
rv.0^1
illw-
WWffi
I nm/:
v-m I UAh I V4 1 Touik TB
ITotai iztaanpvfaAahon 7010 iTotaf rum population 7010
8.633 69
5.929 1.017
229
1.770
217
34SJ
0
1.001
12
1 OCX)
3.417
7.722
0
4091
172
4 519
0
1.297
575
4.782
0
1.709
942
16,171
10S8|            4.776
51141            7,473
441               569
6 805
1.6061 SOS
7.834 2501
■ 291      2D
197 ll 60.7721                 2J
/ OfWWfllWtMO
!c* *tvcrmna*3
451
5 4781
273
3342
586
UM
251
3 046
164
4 418
110
1 570
1.24ft
15.127
596
7 237
191
2 313
3.8711        74 8241
toA            8.1411                      1
I
/Population to bo moved oat from SDA
lUrten
-69
*575
IRubI
<617
229
<770
•1 083
-4 782
*173
•13.253
a
800
Population to bo rw-tocatod Into 5DA
Urtor.
290
298
288
871
R*r*
9360
2.38^
2.391
14,143
Population post ro-sodlornont
Urban
Rural Undid
7J33
141X
0
0
0
0
0
0
3.417
7 134
0
4 519
298
6.256
0
0
a
1 578
1 27C
17.XM
1 toe
5.372
4m
8.00*
1.«X
7 231
50t 2,31
5 82S
3 3.671
20 95:
75044
i              92*
R<#»i tondMB
0
588
TaM rural
1.164
1L280
0
0
0
0
8*
0
7 722
172
4,881
433
0
0
1X
1.701
1421
18.7W
443
M14
M 7.471
»
7.BM
19- 2.60
1            1971
•Jit
■16fi
‘J>>e 4 V>pettonapc*~onaverage
HoubMvoMb to ba Miocjfd andv Propel
430
5OA
kA
•f
IB-W
.8-9
■
-VA u
A/1W
rvc-N
IVC-4
IVC-6
V4t
V-W
V-6
TotoH
Dem alto
I GUI irtan populate 2010
L557
16
52
0
794
0
0
131
0
224
241
1068
166
115
189
1
vn
Total rum popUatton 2010
1.351
824
159
247
1759
1.114
751
1089
189
1.710
1324
1.702
1784
570
905
11,399
tfvhcMrdta
101
63
65
19
134
85
57
•1
>0
284
101
110
1)6
43
1.400
of orticti landed
1.248
761
793
228
1.625
1.029
L94
1006
360
1446
1.224
1.571
1.649
527
816
16.999
Population to ba moved out horn IDA
ixuan
16
52
0
111
199
0
Rirai
424
859
247
1069
-1019
203
Population to be ra-tocalad Into 8DA
Urban
68
66
66
———
199
R\rt
2.132
545
545
—
3J22
------------------------------------------------------------------- -
-
—
—
---------- -
•----------------
—
________
-M
--
Peput-aa poet rat— nt
—
■---------------
■
—
—
—
—
----------- -----
—
LMtan
1.625
0
0
0
794
0
66
0
0
269
241
1088
3M
115
IB
4.771
Ruel larded
1,210
0
0
0
1.625
1029
1117
0
160
3,949
1.224
1.573
1648
527
836
17 116
92*
Rural bntoaa
265
0
0
0
114
15
99
0
30
325
101
130
136
43
69
,
Mil
8*
Total rural
3,441
0
0
0
1.799
M14
1.296
0
4J74
1324
1702
1.784
_______
905
18. «P
Ub F4 SrOlb !&|) Development (I)
139
17 May 11it Ar*: Dtj^vun. Rtpaie. •[ Erhepta. Mnulrj of IFttar c*- Entr#
Eibupiatt Ndt ImfdttM tad Dnaaa^t Pratrtl
7.7.3        R^it/ffHcni Ptvcwj
To ensure that the entire resettlement, land acquisition and consolidation proc m a transparent and accountable manner, a process approach invoking all stakch required This should include the following steps
• Awareness campaign to inform all households within the project area abo
°^Cri *
aspects of the resettlement, land acquisition and consolidation process i ]' *mpOr*’ needs, expected benefits and conditions, including. (5) resettlement require^ infrastructure works, (it) clearing of areas allocated (leased) to the commercial" b estate as well as other relocation requirements between SDAs. (ui) allocation of^** (minimal, land holdings for landless households; and (hr) minor additional settle^ any. into the tmgable areas of households currently living elsewhere feg displaced • reservoir area).
Ofn
■ ! '-"d
b) .
of the concerned land use right holders;
of .he«. of a i„d u„ location of all thar plots of land;
hoU„ „ 
„ Ihe ain
Pfcparannn of list of all landless households who are redden, wnhm the pm^ area. Assessment of the land to be acquired for the devclopmcnt „f |he
comi^rcial estate areas, fa, rolds and .mgaoon and dra.nage infrastructure;
denuficaoon of the project affected households, including those to be resettled m neu homestead areas I villages / towns;
essment of the existing use of (smallholder farmer managed) land to be acquired under the project,
Detailed  inventory  of  all  smallholder  fanner  assets  (te  houses,  trees,  s)  on  the  land* to be acquired;
Calculation and payment of the compensation (to smallholder farmers) for lost assef and crops as well as for relocation,
l k 0011 nCW coo*°^,te^ plots ot irrigable land for smallholder farmers by no
hold s name for (i) 4] existing households with land use rights within the project Wi as well as for households whose land has to be acquired for construct ot
tructure and io vacate areas designated for commercial estates; (li) for la»BcM « i currently in the project area, and (hi) for any additional households to be
*<nJed in the project area.
Presentation of the new consolidated plots of (smallholder farmer) ungable land to •“ concern      ouseholds using detailed maps indicating the location and size of each
-undated  pio,  of  land  as  well  as  the  names  of  all  households;
. ^  ^~nentbyall concerned households; and
h^‘"OOl°f       “*    DCU      C°n“bd«^    of    tmgable    land,    including    the    issue    of** use right certificate, to smallholder farmers
of
Ifb F4 SfOlb Drvrlopmmt (I)
144l
r-M«'wotkst
Storage Dam (a small dam /diversion weir is required even if seasonal storage is not
justified / deemed to be required);
•      Main Irrigation System comprising Main. Branch and Secondary canals,
•      Pressure irrigation system in part of the sugar commercial estate (if adopted);
•     On-Farm Works and Land Development of consolidated holdings;
•     Mam Drainage System including Hood Protection; and
•     All-weather Roads
Resettlement,  land  acquisition  and  land  consolidation  would  be  earned  out  poor  to  on-farm infrastructure works and land development
A  fanner  contribution  to  the  capital  development  cost  of  about  10%  is  required37   and  envisaged to take, at least in part, the form of Labour for on-farm development works.
Details of the engineering (infrastructure) works are given in the supplementary reports: Engineering Storage Dam and Engineering Irrigation & Drainage.
7.8.2       Storage Dam
A storage dam pro vidng seasonal storage ts not
about 50.000 ha (SMEC operating rules), or 75,000 ha (Halcrow operating rules)' However a small dam providing a little storage to smooth diurnal / weekend fluctuations in flow releases trom the power station is required, which would also enable command of the Left Mam canal
A site (option 2) has been identified for a possible storage reservoir. At this site a 107 m high dam would store 378 Mm5.
The main irrigation system comprises of two Main canals, a large number of branch and ''ccondarv canals and associated structures
1
two main canals is described in Section 6.1.
‘'‘‘*^1*0
rn
141
17-Mav-11\C.
Fftika. Dumnm.' RfaW. tfElbn^a. Mnutry tflFafrrC* Ewp F.^wpua Nur               ik3 Dvtq Pnrrrt
...   , 
l d             ,h' lcf' b“k «Wd>
fend. «ul, on *< >*' ‘ ’  ’“ °"
ft m die num canals ln ld<bnon ,heIC
numb“S °f SCCondan can’>'
Tbc  num  canals  will  be  lined,  largely  with  concrete  trapezoidal  sections, cross slopes
The down-slope branch and secondary canals will also be lined, largely concrete sections, where ever slopes exceed about 0.8%. Where slopes are less than this i i * arc proposed
The secondary canals arc to be covered, or buned concrete pipeline where land-take is an issue and/or near homesteads.
Associated canal structures include:
conveyance lobeadop^
•      Flow regulating structures cross and head regulators (checks A: outlets), spill wen escapes and balancing and night storage reservoirs;
•     Conveyance structures drops, aqueducts and inverted siphons / siphon aqueducts,
•     Culverts and bridges,
•     Cross drainage structures: culveris, and
•     Social structures including wishing structures and livestock drinking troughs
Night storage reservoirs will be provided at the heads of secondin’ canals to enable daytime only (surface) irrigation, at intervals along longer canals so that travel times to rertiarv offtake* axe not more than 2-3 hours.
Balancing reservoirs air proposed along the main canals where there IS sufficient headJoss,ro meet (any; mis match between supply and demand and facilitate canal operation.
Pnu>m
Pf “’ure ('prinkkr) trngation ,„lcm
development arras
* fC ^  P°
ro
5c ^ M options for the following two stage
• Area IB pressures zones 1 A? f
commercial fsuo«r™ j
f  bank; with a net irrigable area of about 7,083 hi
• AreaIVB.ty res ^’^opmem,
ha of commercial
• 2 A 3 (left bank) with a net irrigable area of about 8.4,R*
u g«caoc) development
15   °*** broken, fragmented (‘ ’
f  nnkkr' lrnK*r»n is most suited to .Area IVB-W where the
d ,,crP thin tn IB
Pressures  would  be  developed  by  gravity  requiring  down-slope  pipeline  come}*11   Supply header rescrvoin supplied by open canals leading from the Main canals The
Mains GRP pipeline* would lead to on- farm pressure irrigation systems compn ► ^  Kd
llf
• Bxanch and Sub-Main pipelines with control valves and devices comprising GRP pipes of vinous sizes and forming hvdraubc units of about 200 ha.
^^.WblatDntvdnpma! (1)
U*». laterals with quick couplings taking water from the hydrants located dong the buried grp Sub-Mains;
• Drag hoses leading from (3") aluminium or IIDP hand-move laterals to the sprinklers;
and
Sprinklers spaced in a rectangular grid and mounted on steel tripods.
If'onL and I ^nd Dft'tlopmtnf of Consolidated Holdings
\ mix of basin and furrow surface irrigation is proposed, with basins located on the steeper
terraced land and furrows on the plain. The use of hydro flumes to replace earthen field channels may be (gradually) introduced along with other project funded interventions to
promote good water management and enhance efficiency
Basin irrigation is the simplest method for smallholders with little or no irrigation experience
and is suitable to all crop types, including row crops, fkxided nee and orchards. Furrows pose some advantages for row crops providing furrow shape (depth), spacing and length are
appropriate to stream size, crop type, soil type and slope
Tertiarv and field drains to remove excess water into the drainage system thereby preventing
standing water damage to crops, as well as to safeguard againsr terrace failure and soil erosion
are proposed.
1-and  development  including  terracing  and  land  smoothing  will  be  carried  out,  with  terracing  of slopes up to 8% (vertisols) and 12% (red-brown loamy-days).
Matit Drainage System including Flood Protection
The irrigation command area is characterised mostly by flat land of heavy clay nature and during ihc wet season parts are vulnerable to water logging For example in (he lower part of 'tage development area lz\ where it merges with the broad Derebay plain and area IB
In contrast the upper parts ofSDA LA and IVA development areas on the right and left banks respectively comprise the rough, alluvial fan area of the Enat Bdcs, which is dissected, moderately to steeply sloping and undulating in many arras. These, together wilh their high tertian drainage density have created a generally rolling or moderately undulating terrain.
Xcw on^vm drainage ditches (field, ternary. collector and main) will be constructed for the c  removal of excess rainfall into these natural drainage rivers and streams.
17-May 11hJrvi Dtmrveit R^gKr. tf E^ggfga. Miaufn «/* IT^r- c> Ewrp
Ethgfggg Nt* lmg*a*9 mJ            Pn*d
Associated drainage structures include pipe junction culverts and drop structure
rates and pres ent erosion of the drainage ditches
7.8.7       Al! VCtalbrr Ktadi
To improve access, gravel surfaced all weather mads will be provided throughout the pr0)cc, area, see Figure 7-5 These will consist of 12 Access Roads, with six being upgrades of
roads These access roads will connect the whole project area including the proposed commerda) estate area and existing settlements and link with the proposed storage dam / W bank offtake to the north, Fendika to the west. Work Meda to the cast and Gilgd Bcles tod*
south.
,O Con tioj
Finally, seven Service roads will be proved dong selected branch / secondin’ canals.
For  cane  haulage  four  un  surfaced  roads  are  proposed  linking  to  the  proposed  site  for  die  ncr cane crushing factory’. These arc aligned on both sides of the Belcs River.
The  all-weather  roads  will  be  gravel  surfaced  Associated  structures  will  include  both  foot  and road bodges over streams and rivers.
lT>l‘4Srt
|
)b ikL>t)rvdnprntt]t 1,
,Lib h'4 SiOlb 1&D Development (1)
145
17-May 11I'tdmi/ DtmsnitM                          MiatffiT) tf 07atrr F.trry
EfhtyM Nrir
PnrrrMp Prwr.tUb H4 SfOlb IA1) Drvciopmcnt (1)
147
17-Miy 11Fi^rrW DrwKru/h-
Mintfry |T>/rr t* E^rrgt
ElbcpfM Mt Irnftfi^ kkJ I>w*te JWrr
<F8
St
9
*’EmD
irrigation efficiencies and water demands
Jrripdon ESdencief *nd Design Duties
(jstf)# ** Lfittft
Conveyance losses comprise seepage losses, operational (management) losses, for example due (0  mismatch between supply and demand, and evaporation losses Of these the most significant
^epage and operational losses Seepage losses are generally predictable and are dependent on canal type hned / unlined), canal condition, soil type and canal filL Operational losses can be low (ie less than 5%) with good canal management, or high (ie more than 20%) with poor management Good canal management requires appropriate management institutions and firmer training/ awareness, but is only enabled if appropriate flow control and measurement infrastructure is provided (refer Section 9.4).
A flat percentage approach   may be used for conveyance losses and the following cfBoenaes ire suggested These percentages assume good canal operation fie operational losses in the order of 5%).
T bfc 8-1: Conveyance Efficiencies
19
a
Unlincd canal
Adopted for Upper Belt*
Lined
canal
Clay/
Vertisol*
Loam*
Cocmzicrcial
Sugar Estate
Smallholder
Farms
Canal*
Mun canals
90%
90%
80%
90%
90%
Branch & Seconder, canals
90%
90%
80%
90%
90%
Tertian canals
90%
85%
75%
85%
85%
Overall conveyance
73%
69%
48%
69%
69%
Pipeline for pressure (sprinkler) irrigation
Pipeline distribution
90-95% 
90%                               n/a
l*or the Upper Beles scheme the Main canals will be lined, as well as the branch and secondary canals on slopes greater than about 0.8%. Unlined canals will be constructed of suitable loam clay material for which seepage losses will be low.
To reduce operational losses appropriate flow control and measure structures will be provided including duck-bill type cross regulators, and balancing and night storage reservoirs.
The adopted main and secondary conveyance efficiencies are 90%. The adopted tertiary
d «trib
utlon systcm effiacnacs are 83o • The overall conveyance efficiency is therefore 69%
r f hc core commercial sugar estate where pressure (spunkier; irrigation is an option
&                 losses occur from leaking pipe joints and operational losses, and 90% is adopted pipe offtake from header reservoir to the sprinkler head
■ % II
* canafe sCcp^ jOJS fw ad| hav<?
’ urt»r reach 1™ .
fltn. the reach discharge and C a seepage 1<«* coeftioent
u«nF an equation of the type Qi - CLQ1 *h«c
%S *:b|^nCVcl<___________
17 May 11Frjkru/ DrwMWn* Rftubc. <>} Fjhioftj, Mnutr) of IFjfrr v* E*r*ji
E/fafm Silt wi Dmnj^
/typfatito Lasjfj
Application   losses   for   the   various   surface   and   pressure   (sprinkler)   application   method gnen below* Slightly higher efficiencies arc adopted for commercial farms than fOr
5
arc
smallholder  managed  land,  as  commercial  farms  arc  more  likely  to  have  the  equipment expertise and will to reduce lossrs.
Table 8-2: Application Efficiencies
Num  figure  in  brackci*  are  cffiomocs  with  night  steerage  few  which  an  mercase  tn  applicant  m  efficiencies  few irrigation of S 10% u likch-
Application efficiencies, particularly for border and furrow irrigation arc also influenced by the proposed provision of night storage reservoirs at the head (and dong) secondary canals. Sccoon 7.6. With night storage farmers irrigate during daylight hours and can therefore react effectively to stop supply to the heads of furrows / boarders when flow reaches to the fails Also on the terraces, where basin irrigation is envisaged, night storage reduces the nsk of over-supply, terrace breaches and soil erosion.
Adopted application efbesenaes (with night storage) are therefore
•      Commercial sugar estate area with furrow irrigation (LL"T 2); 70%
•      Commercial sugar estate area with pressure (sprinkler; irrigation (LL*T 5):
•      Smallholder farms with (terraced) basins / furrow irrigation 65%
H. 1.3 lrrrgtiton DtJtfi Dulttt
.Allowing for application and convey ance losses ihc design duties at the head of tertian' and sccondan canals are determined based on the peak monthly net crop water requirement for 0) the commercial sugarcane estate extending over at least 36.225 ha; and (u) the smallholder farms extending over 22,872 ha
Water requirements for the potential expansion Mta  area of 4."3 ha depends on whether
lc
these areas, found in SDA III (3,755 ha) and SDA V-W (1.018) are included in the sugar es«,r or as separate small/ medium sized commercial farms cultivating a range of crops. For the purposes of determining water requirements it is assumed that the 3,755 ha tn SDA HI is included in the sugar estate (or at least grows sugar under commercial out-grower arrangements), while the 1.018 ha tn SDA 111 which is much further from the proposed f»«'  ? is allocated to small/medium c.mmerctal farms growmg a range of crops, refer Figure 6-6
rt
» Surfi.ee leng-wu System* and I'ncuce*. Mrivyn Kay
Ub l’’4
SrOlb l*D
(D
150
17 M*r,1.Utaufn afrt/rr&E^
r.'jufM' V# Ant**’*            J
lhe    monthly    net    crop    water    requirements    w       „    3^    4 commercial estates (other than sugar) the peak dunes average about 0 ’ coflUncrcul sugar estate the peak duty ts rather higher .r 063 |/,/h>
Canal design dunes are tabulated below and tndicate that deswn fDrtk}  u secondary canals would be between 1. 18 J/s/ha for the commerml ‘
]/s/ha for the smallholder farms and small/medium estates grow™ ”“7 
fumj lnd
F °' “*
’**' °f 'he
‘ ’
dunes   are   for   continuous   24   hour   supply   As   night   storage   reserve..   ’   °f    Cf°ps
hours irrigation per day, design duties for secondary and tertiary 
k « d,„,      w.» ™, 
27* br
 ** "»*
" UbLn« 12
cml Fot_plt „
duaind penod, irrigation could occur for more than 12 hours inid.v r
,0 ««..1 d,™,d
,
«
would occur in all secondary units simultaneously mHv>tk> *n v ; d the Main canal .  would therefore be able
u,uneou,
At ternary system level flows will be spbt to allow 2-3
, 
H
Z
 -J tmgator groups to irrigate fields
simultaneously with field channel (on-farm) design flows of 10-15 l/s
tax 
„„ drmnd     Ooam„
fron
wet season and peaking from January to April for dry season cropptng.
*' Mun cad duty could probably be reduced as ’be pm
tweuunMidy
17 May 11N*
Ftdrrv! Dowratic R/futhit of EfbitpA. Mri'ty of U ‘aftr c7 E*rj;
/izoMjpwi Sih I’rvp&OK xtd Dnatjp Pny*T
Table 8-3: Peak crop waler reguircment* and typical design flown
Item
Units
LUT2:
Commercial
Sugar estate
(surface)
LUTS:
Commercial
Sugar estate
(•prinkler)
(surf^.
Tool Net tangible Area
ha
39,980
Net peak crop water requirements
l/s/ha
0.63
0.63
Application efficiency (with night storage)
CW at held
%
70%
Tertiary system conveyance efficiency
l/»/h.
%
0.90
85%
CWR at bead of ternary canals Sccondar. canal conveyance efficiency’
l/./hl
%
1.06
90%
CWR at bead of secondary canals
Main canal conveyance efficiency
!/s/ha
%
1.18
90%
80%
079
90* '■
0.88
90%
---------- —
-—— _—_0$
- ------
--------- ——
BU
-     —— __ nr.
-      —. ____  10 «J%
u
(7WR at bead of main canals
l/i/h>
1.31
0.97
13
Indicative drsign flows
Tertiary command unit
ha
60
-
Tertian’ design discharge
Sect>ndan command unit / block Secondary design discharge
1 s
ba
:s
64
600
708
-
-
tf
H
J8
The dun for the commercial sug„ estate area for p.essunr (spunkier) trngatron of 0 H8 l/./h. » rather hrgher than the de-facto duty requrred for brnclu, of 0.H4 l/s/ha llus » considered due to the rather lower elev,non and higher temperatures of the command area at I ’pper Bries
S.2 
Water Demands for Proposed Development
8.2. /
hotrodurtton
Crop requirements and monthly .rnganon dneruon demands arc determined assuming (i)
irrigation is supplied to crops before cnricaj sod water deplenon is reached thereby enabling
optimum crop yields, W for the three magir farm category (large commeicud sugar estate,
smallholder farms and small/medium commercial forms); (in) for effective rainfall calculated usmg the USDA sod conscrv.tmn service method and using 80% dependable rainfall; and (n) for the adopted water conveyance and appheanon efficiencies
Imgaosm demands are estimated assuming only surface unganon and would be slighdv k>«' * pressure (spunkier) unganon was adopted over pan of the eonuneraal sugar estate area
t.j «<fOlb IAP
J)cvrk»pmrrti (1)
1S2
f-Miv 11i;2
Crop ttS11* 
( g) Introduction
ts and monthly irrigation diversion demands are determined assuming (i) tQ aopS before critical soil water depletion is reached thereby enabling
trn^000        *     ^idds     (li)     thc       thrcc       nu*Or       flnn       rltc*°ncs        commercial     sugar     estate,
0
optin^ c* ? 
5
• 11k kier farm  anu
email/medium commercial farms); (iu) for effective rainfall calculated
1(0
1
»Jlho®                    conservation sc nice method and using 80% dependable ramfall, and ftv) uung*'  .
jmgatxm demands are estimated assuming only surface irrigation and would be slightly lower if
Water Demand for .Mix of Farms
Water duties and demand flows and volumes arc tabulated below tn Table 8-5 for the following nux of farms, similar to that proposed for Opoon 2A.
9 Large commercial sugar estate: 39,981 ha comprising 23,098 ha on the right bank ind
16,883 ha on the left bank,
•     Smallholder farms : 22,8 2 ha comprising 8,411 ha on the right bank and 14,461 ha on
the left bank; and
•     Small/medium commercial farms in SDA V-A: 1,018 ha (left bank only).
In addition irrigation water demand for 20,000 ha of commercial sugar is allowed for Myrna (Upper Dmdir), SDA 11
For the right bank development, including Hvma, monthly flows to be diverted at the diversion weir peak at 55 0 m’/s. For the left bank monthly flows to be diverted peak at 33.3 m'/$.
The peak flow’s are rather less than perhaps may be expected because the peak net water requirements occur in Apnl for the commercial sugar estate at 0.60 l/s/ha, and in I cbm the smallholder farm* at about 0.56 l/s/ha.
7
i .        ■ Wllcr demand for the scheme (including Hvma) peaks in March at 230 5 Mm’ and
1.404 M C___ .1 
..... 
« II _mm* e>M!czifl months fro
°
« —-— •- nand as
17-.M»y-111-rJrro. 
h/iwflTwdn ,\7r /rrytow and Dnanjtf Profit
•      64% in December;
•      77% in January;
•      84% in February;
•     100% in March;
•       88% in April,
afVTater & Entr#
•      P% in Mar. and just
•       15% in June.
From year to year there would of course be even more variation depending on rainfall and actual cropping
(c)           \X ater Demand for 100* 0 Sugarcane Cropping
In earning out reservoir water balance to assess the dam storage requirements, the likely vanation in water demand for a range of future possible demands, both larger and smaller than gtven above (for Option Z) should be considered The maximum demand would be that associated with 100" o cropping of sugar cane, and this is tabulated in Table 8-6.
(d)           Summan of Water Demands for 4 farm type combination
Monthly demands and dunes for four different combinations of farm types / categories have been determined and arc summarised below in Table 8 4 and on l-igure 8-2. These demand’ *tc to be used for reservoir water balance to determine storage respuremeots
IM•«■' P’*fa
rtbie 8-4: Gros* Irrigation Duriea at Diversion Point <1/a/ha)
Options A (Low) and B Medium) represent just 20% and 45% of commercial sugar respectively, while Option C (I hgh) is equivalent to the recommended development option 2 (ie core sugar estate in L’pper Beles and Hymn, with areas of smallholder and commercial farms in Upper Beles). Option D represents the highest likely demand with 100% commmercial sugar in both Upper Beles and Hyma.4rr_u Dfflwmirj- ftprtfc              Atahty yiF^cr & E««u
wcpufl Aw          a„j / Jfumj^ fv^erf
fable £-5: Monthly du lien and waler demand b far this Option 2 mix of fann*
LUT/
EfT  /
NOV
Area
et DutK« l/t/ha
□nunetaa) Sjgir with surface irrigation
LUT 2
rulllioldcr farma with suj-facc irrigation
LUT 1
-KTunrrcu! with surface irrigation_____
LUT2
COM4 Dut>« l/a/ha________________ ____
inimeraa?  Sugar  uith  lurfacr  irrigation
OU |
lallhoJckr  farms  with  rurfice  imgaSnn
mnxxaaJ with surface irrigsriori_______ _
fhr   Bank   Water   Dcaaanda   (m3/a)
nmercud Sugar with aurface erngaaon
iLh older hmti with surfaceirngatii »ci
23098
8,411
19.25
10.47
o.oa
17 32
3.55
imercul with surface irngadon
0
0,00
0.00
14.08^
2 88
0 00
31,509
20 000
24 SB
29.72
32.36
29.99
25-37
11.25
22.11
20.87
16.96
* I'Upper Dindif), SPA FI
14.56
16.67
25 00
20 83
9.58
1833
15 00
12 19
Sub-totab iad Hyoia
51,509
39.46
46.38
20.42
52.78
54 99
46.20
20.84
40.44
35.87
29.14
£anJt Water Drmanda (m3/a)
rarul Sogy With surface irrigation
16,883
14.461
1,018
12.31
14.07
17-23
IS 10
0.93
21.10
17.59
[older larmg with surface irriga rion
15 48
12.66
10.29
13 82
irrciaJ with surface tfrigadoci
1.04
Sub-tomb
32462
63,871
0.02
27.17
5105
18.00
i-20
33.26
62.98
J 61
0,09
17.17
39.28
611
0-50
19,27
4.95
0.36
33.27
23.14
Totals exd Hy itu
20.18
45 M
66.38
8.43
15.61
65.63
86.95
53 14
_______ Tocala ipcl Hvma
83,871
19.69
66.63
79.65
112-21
33-56
^nkV/atcr Uenmdi ind Ifrma (Mmy,
141 37
-78.14 142.54
29.27
55 81
44.75
123 "5
Lj
76 28
ink             Tigmandi Xlm3j
' MW, Sfc.V* VbnnSnfH*------------------------------- .« I A I
89.10 l|~_59,99 ] 54.04 '
1 W-Pk
P ' <i #■ a— JT >i.irr/ Htr /
Arm i
FEB
APR
MAY
Jl,'NE
JULY
Total Water D
k monthly demand
178.47         192 68         230.47         202-54         177.79              30.76
B3.6%     100.0%          «7.9%           77 1%          13.3%             0.0%
16.25
7 1%
reentages of annual demand
12.7%          13.7%
16.4%
14.4%
12.7%
2-2%
00%
0.0%
12% 1              5.6%’         10.6% \       10.5%
1.404
*5
31
28
31
30
31
30
31
31
30
31
30
31  tzz
xidiry rotation i
None None None None None I in 2 (I) Shut Shut 1 in 2 (I)
1 in 2(1)            2 in 3 2in3
LTb P4 SiOlb l&D UXevdopmcnt (I)
1ST
17 May -1!M '“"9 ^rjlrT & E,"B’
SYSTEM OPERATION, infrastructure and maintenance
Jo
hicvc sustainiblc benefits from the investment in engineering infrastructure effective lagcmcnc. operation and maintenance is vital This Chapter describes outline arrangements42
(i) appropn*^ institutions; (li) system operation, (ui) operational challenges and enabling frastructure; (hr) performance indicators, facilities and equipment and water charges; (v)
nuintcnance. (vi) a farmer management system for O&M, and (vii) O&M costs
eluding costs for subproiects that support the establishment of effective O&M at Upper
Beles
Irri^don System Nfan^ment & O&M Institutions
Jgfrvtbudon
To achieve sustainable agncultural benefits from both commercial sugar as well as smallholder managed farms appropriate professional and fanner institutions need to be formed / supported / appointed to take responsibility for irrigation & drainage system O&M.
One opnon would be for the new Upper Beles Sugar Estate to manage main system O&M. supplying water both to the estate area as well as to smallholder farms However the Sugar Estate may well face a conflict of interest, for example by prioritising irrigation supplies to the sugar estate area and neglecting maintenance of communal infrastructure supplying both the estate and smallholder farms
Further the Sugar Estate may not be interested / have a proper mandate in working with fanner organisation (and any other small / medium commercial estates) including developing farmer capacity and collecting water charges.
The following is therefore proposed.
• Appointment of a professional organisation (le Main System Operator) to manage the tnam irrigation system, including the dam and storage reservoir (if constructed), diversion weir(s) and the two Mam and nine branch (three on the nght bink and six on the left bank) canals with a mandate from the Abbay River Basin Authority concerning water abstractions from the river and collection of water charges from users, and Election, establishment and capacity building of farmer WUA institutions, vis WUGs,
UAs and a Scheme Board at tertiary, secondary and scheme level respectively, and
pper Beles Sugar Estate would then be responsible for irrigation system O&M only
* nhm the SUP»' estate’s boundaries
lain System Operator and farmer institutions for scheme O&M within smallholder farm -’^danes are discussed below.
;
1 lrr3n^cn3cn’' uc no‘ P*n °f this feasibility stud), nthet rhe focus s« on preparation of: "a
suumfsn of tbr nunnttHmaf,                  mJ
ttndtr ieparalt armgtmtnli"
161
17 May-11f-’A&u/
fttfurihii o'
3fr.ni.tfp c/ IF jtfrr tie
Efr&gBMM A’rjfr d'Ti^jSpfl j&fif J.J.nsi.Mi;r r'nrr^iT
9.2.2 Main fyr/ew Operator
The operation ind maintenance of major / main sptem infrastructure including the
storage reservoir, diversion weir and main and secondary cairnls up to and inclndin the Stonge reservoir, will require professional operation, particularly in the early years whcR^' O&M institution, will lack capacity The appointment of a professional organisation thc^" System Operator (MSO), is therefore proposed for at least nine years, for five tears while construction is Mill on going and for the 4 year support phase of project development The staffing and costs of the MSO for rune years is tabulated below, Table 9-1.
Table 9-1: Stain System Operator: staffing & costs
Nr
PoaiDos
Responsibility
In
Nr
1U1
am
Rate
ETB/
sm
Atncilmj
ETB
1
* Operations Manager, lAcD Spcciahii
Storage    Dam    Ar    Main    System    Operation. O&M Plan prepannion
1
90
MJXIO
3.060,001}
2
hnganon c l&M
specialists
Storage Dam & Mam System Operauon, Supervisinn of gate opcraton
10
900
32,000
24,800,00)
3
MAE specialist
M&E. Equipment, Vehicles
2
ISO
32,000
5 7&0 00C'
..
4
Agrunumist
Crop water requirements, marketing,
support
3
270
28.000
73MWB
5
Community DeveJoprneni Specialists.
1   JaiiiiM.   with   WUAi     daiEcminaHun.   nf
t
in
operating plans
900
28,000
2!>.200j30tl
6
Main System Gate I Iperaujtv  locally
recruited
Maid and branch canals cross regulators; balancing (At night ’.turagr) reservoirs; flow measuremeal; tra^h removal; etc
140
12.600
3,200
+0,J20,<W
7
Driven
Vehicles
26
2.340
3.K00
fl
Guard* / canal inspectors / maintenance
workers
Caret! / structure cnndilion, water theft, regular mamlEiunce (eg  removal of frosh from tnt&b racks al siphonsi
26
2,340
2.200
5J+B.O0C
Sub’Total
124.740r0W
Transport (4 WD vehicles
26
2.340
24.IWU
Facflitjra & Equipment
1
91)
mooo
Grand Total
_
CcmErngeney ai ICF ’*
Grand Total
_____
Amount per vc*r
——.
ioM®'*"-
J9.5W-?1 ZMJ’-W.®00-
23,870^?, 3-4
Amount per vear per ha lJ'-TR;
--------------
_ __ —-
2*
Amount per Tear per ha
1
Nfite- eachwlRC rate ETR US$; 16-7
VC ithjn there nine yens O&N responsibility tor th* secondary’ cinal system in the fairo areas, tn addition to ternary and on farm engineering works, will he taken over ? [ r furncr institutions, in particularly by the WUA* and their water roasters.
r Mar13
Ub JM S<Olb l&D Development (1)<s*
' „, 
«” * “** I"1' T” ”’'" ”' "'^ ”J ""» *- ■>' = l» *.
%.«
»*-«' ’•' ’ “ *“
“ ’ ’”*••“•■ «»—»
M  muposf* of financial and economy analysis is mav be assumed that the annual MSO
FOt X fi« design life of the pro,ect. 
°
costs C°nlU
'
To manage: (i) construction of tertiary system infrastructure dunng the unplementation phase, (u) f°  management, operation and maintenance of the completed imgabon and drainage
r
■ (nstructure within the smallholder farmer area, suitable non profit farmer institutions are
‘ ujjed with compulsory farmer membership based on hydraulic (not village) boundaries. AU
farmers with an irrigation land holding in the command area would be members The proposed new farmer institutions will comprise: (l) informal U ater User Groups (WUGs)
formed at ternary system level; (ii) formal (ic with legal sinus) Water user Associations (WUAs)
it Secondary level; and (111) a Scheme Board at main system level representing all WUAs.
Ar the end of the support phase of the project the Scheme Board will take over some of the
OdcNf duties and responsibilities of the MSO, but not those pertaining to the dam and storage
reservoir, diversion weir and Main and Branch canals Also the Scheme Board would only have
lunsdimon of flows and secondary system OdcM within the smallholder farm areas The new farmer institutions will lack the knowledge and skills to carry out their O&M
responsibilities so this capacity will have to be developed. Also guidelines and the legal
framework for WUAs (and the Scheme Board) cuncntlv do not exist and need to be
formulated
Assuming an average land use right to irrigated land of 1.0 ha/ household each secondary water
uset association covering 300 and 400 ha would have 300 to 400 members Each tertian’ water
U5Cr covering 40 to 60 ha would have 40 to 60 members
f  approximate numbers of secondary and tertiary irrigation command units arc as follows.
Brght Bank Secondary units: (i) 73 in commercial sugar estate; (li) 32 tn smallholder
farm arras; and (iii) 14 in (he potential expansion area.
Wght Bank Tertiary units: about 531 ternary units in total with an average net irrigation
Uea hl. About 142 tertiary units in the smallholder farm area.
Left Bank Secondary units: (i) 72 in commercial sugar estate, (ii) 62 in smallholder
t                    » and (iii) 4 in the potential expansion area,
AfTn arcas
Uft  Bank Ternary units: about 691 tertian- units in total with an average net imgation
r      rt
ot 4 |jg About 309 ternary units are in the smallholder farm areas.
° *  secondary and 1,222 tertiary units m the 63.8 1 net irrigable area,
1I                     Oll<   r
Mlhokj*     k } ternary’ unit net irrigation areas of 249 ha and 52 ha respecmeh
areas there arc about 94 secondary’ and 451 tertian units
[ >evcl
p-Msy-Hft&n!
R/r              It/Nopa. Miaiftrf if Vgtrr c*’ Eurj.
E/hupt^ Nur /rr^oftvw *■/ Dnffddjfr Pryrtl
9.J
9.3. t
Sy item Operation
Opfrutio* Obpctiw
Suggested canal operation objectives are:
•      Supply sufficient for crop water requirements with reasonable flexibility to m fluctuating demand;
•      Rcliabk. transparent and equitable water distribution;
•      Easy / simple operation;
•       Minimal pnsm damage at least cost; and
•      Benefioanes (farmers & commercial estates) meeting O&M costs.
Meeting these objectives requires.
•      Clarity and consensus to operating procedures among stakeholders, particularly the large commercial sugar estate and smallholder fanners;
•      Appropriate institutions for main system and secondary / tertiary system operation,
•      Suitable infrastructure to control and measure flows and enable “good" operation;
•      Adoption of agreed performance procedures; and
•       Adoption of agreed charges for irrigation water and procedures for collection, use and accounting for funds
9.3.2         Storjff Dan Operatic
(a)           Reservoir Level Operation
Diversions / releases from the storage dam to the Ixft Main canal and also to the Beks nrer
for subsequent diversion to the Right Main canal about 15 km downstream at the drversion
weir will pn manly be to meet crop water requirements whik ensuring dam safety.
For reservoirs which are used io store water in the wet season to meet dry season crop water requirements, operating rules for water releases may be determined by water balance using
average water inflows and demand For such reservoirs the operating rules will require gradual impoundment of waler during the wet season, with the stored waler gradually released in the
dry season The usual aim is for lhe reservoir lo be full, or near full, at the end of the wet
season
1 lowcvcr for Upper Belts the sionge reservoir essentially provides security of supply in th*
event of interruption of supply from the upstream hydro-power project. In the dry season,
monthly imgition demand peaks at about 230 Mm\ but typically vanes from about 1to
Mm' (see Tabk 8 5) Dara options considered have a gross storage of 230-378 Mm'. suffideo
for 1-2 months of dry season demand
If provided, the storage dam would be kept (near) full with flow only released in the e^enf tb
flows released from the powxr station is inierrupied / insufficient to meet demand
(b)           Canal operation due to fluctuating demand
Guidelines are required for flow diversions to the Right and Ixft main canal' to cope will
fluctuating  crop  water  demand  As  shown  previously  on  Figure  8-1  crop  water  rcquircmm typical year at full development are expected io vary from through the year from nothing
*
j7->UFJ1
lib F4 SfOlb UkD Development (1)
164se
iso° t0 *  a
n
b^*'
fto®1
of 40-45 m'/s (nght bank including Hymi) and 30-35 m'/s (left n ] These average dry season (lows are considerably less than the
7 Jcanils of about 51.6 m /s (nght) and 40.5 nP/s (left) indicating
of tocse can**-
3
*w•» >°             5ho,, du”™'"
However reasonal and monthly variations from year to ^ue each year. due to weather vlnatlon,
pbnung dates, etc Canal operation will therefore be
ensure that canal opera boos are
I cropping patterns ind
/ operators based on
G cr J operating guidelines informed by a management information system for O&M hereby information such as selected canal and escape flows, balancing & night storage
levels and “state of wetness” of the command inform diversions; and
O tor exp«rirncc’ whereby cause and effect of canal operations are well understood
Onf nite of thumb operating guideline » the number of dm of no-flow dtvemons mto the
M«n canals following rainfall, see Table 9-2. For consecutive dan of rainfall the number of flow dap is added together. For example in case of 2 days of rain tn the comnund area, of
40mm and then 20mm, then no-flows are suggested for 8 dap. Actual closure should ofc. depend on farmer / commercial estate demand, actual amounts of rainfall over the project area
ind state of field wetness.
Table 9-2: Rainfall and si
r p‘
Daily Rainfall (mm)
from reservoir
Days of Closure Suppeated
1
20
2
2
20-25
3
3
25-30
4
5
6
“1
________ 30-35
5
35-45
6
45-55
7
________55 - 70
J
9
8
------------- JO - 80
9
— __ _   ’ _athJ above
10f-r./mx/Dtfsrafi; RptrM. rf hMitpM. Miiuar) t(ITa/rrc* Eawp
h/Ampua Nii Irrtfuf** id Dmqp PnfM
Mean Canal Ofmfon
(i) Maun canal flow routions
The Main canal* would flow continuously during the dry season mreting peak water requirements, particularly from January to Apnl However for most of the year demand irrigation water will be less, with no irrigation demand during peak rainfall months (
8.2 ind T»bk 9-3 below)
Table 9-3: Main system operation
* '**' S*c'Jo°
Month
Total
Water
Demand
(Mm3)
Percentages    of Peak Monihh
Demand (%)
Water
Demand as
proportion
of Qd
Main Sy .tern Op,  ,
r>6or
Canal Cloaur
e / Maintenance Period
J
July
0
0
0
0
August
0
Ramfall meets CWRs and omah^T^ closed. Maintenance works for Lmgmon system earned our.
Irrigation Pei
riod
----------~-----
September
8
3.9%
<0.50 Qd
< kt otier
46
22,1%
Irrigation flow’s initiated in late September to supplement declining rainfall with initially Maun (8c Branch) canal rotations supplying 1 of 2 sreondarv canals at a time
November
104
49.8%
0.50 to 0.75
Qd
December
133
63 8%%
Canal flows increase with Main (& Branch) canal rotations supplying 2 of 3 secondary canals at a time; vis each secondary unit receives water for two irrigation intervals and Own is closed for an irrigation interval
January
1?3
828%
February
180
863%
March
209
100%
0.75 to 1.0
Qd
Apnl
178
85.4%
Peak dry season demand pc nod anJ no rotation of supply along the .Main & Branch canals. All secondary carols flowing ar 75-110% of deMgycagat^-
May
153
732%
0.50 to 0.75
Qd
Main (8c Branch) canal rotation* supplying 2 of 3 secondary canal* at i
rune __ ___ —  ""
June
23
11.1%
<0.50 Qd
Main (8c Branch) canal rotaac*” supplying 1 of 2 secondary canal* at3 time leading to closure of Matf?Jr5??—
To meet the fluctuating demand and minimise operating losses, lmganon supplies to the canal will need freq wen I (weekly / monthly) adjustment.
At the end of the wet season when rainfall is no longer able to meet crop water requirem flows to the Main canals would be resumed, initially with flow rotations to offtakmg $cC
Db F4 StOlb JAeO Ikvdofxoent (I)
166
1?-Msy 11, pull flow wd supply to all the secondary canal, would only be requned m the mam dn months from January to Apnl
Mrrn canal system design would therefore accommodaie fluctuate m fl™ from nthet
half destgn flow to fol) deign flows (.e from <0.5 to 1 0 Qd). To ensure command of all
'^’otTtakmg canals cross regulators would be required at each offtake unless they are very dose hC °k r (he offtakmg canal “ slJbsrancially lower thin the Mun caniL
Together o
The secondary canals would be designed for a narrower range of flows, from about 0.75 to 1 0
Od'internuncnt with canal closure to avoid over-irngating This makes command of the
offtakuig tertiary canals easier (ic cross regulators / checks will not be required so frequently to ensure command), and will result in less damage to (unlmed) canal pnsm sections
<b) Response l imes
The length of the (lined) Main canals is 100.3 km Jnght bank) and about 130 km (left bank). Average flow velocities vary considerably from about 0.” m/s to about 2.4 m/s and average ibout 1 m/>. This gives following response (travel) times for the two main canals
•     Right Main canal: 28 hours; and
•     Ixft Main canal: 36 hours.
To avoid damage to the canal pnsm lining the Main canal would be dosed gradually, over about 3-4 davs. giving time for pore water pressures to dissipate to avoid lining lifting
Balancing reservoirs would be provided at intervals along the Main canals to allow small imbalances between supply and demand to be accommodated quickly and to reduce operational losses (see Section 9.4).
Stwdary Canal and Xagbt Stora^t Opartition
^»ght storage is proposed at /near the head and along the secondary canals and is justified dur to the bene ft i from water saved as improved water use efficiencies can be expected from daftirne only irrigation, refer Section 7.6. Night storage also introduces considerable flexibility
gives operators the ability to meet higher than expected demands in any one secondary as ^gation could, when / where necessary, continue for more than 12 hours
cq5                       die night storage reservoirs the Main and Branch canals will flow 24/ 4 (ie
5
ftnuou$
h )» while downstream secondary canals will flow 12/7 (ie during the day Qme) The
?
canaE °°w at dBchar
^  W’g
5            from 0 75 to 10 Qd UI,crc ltu5 suppEcs
^tcrval Cr°P1 rC^UUcd* t^cn secondary canal system would be dosed for an irrigation
dos^ * systc® rotations are introduced. Maintaining a fairly narrow range of flows,
,o d>c design discharge (Qd) will facilitate equitable distribution of w ater to offtakmg aax y canals.
c
rj P ned  ^*
tes   fr°m   die  night  storage  reservoirs  will  nerd  to  be  dosed  in  the  evening  an
morning. To facilitate equity of distribution the canal pnsm downstream ot
~~~----------------
l7May-H"1
1 rirra! Domm/V 0/ErinpMi Afiarrfy ifWttr c** I: trip
k//wpiw Ndr                 mi DnnfUft PrvfM
(he night storage reservoirs should be filled before the downstream gales supply Qff ternary canals are opened For a reservoir supplying a 3 km length of secondary cm |
a
would lake about 2.3 hours assuming a discharge of 0.57 m’/s and a prism section ?
m*
Assuming 12 hour irrigation is proposed from 06:00 hours to 18:00 hours then the rejervr gates should be opened at about 04.00 in the morning, and closed at about 16.30 hrs it n|^ Closure may have to be quite gradual (say over /a hour) to avoid prism damage
’ rca ofl.Si
l
The design duties at the head of secondary canals for continuous flow are 1.18 and 1.11
for the commercial sugar estate and for smallholder farms {& other smaller estates cropping a range of crops) respectively (sec Section 8 1.3). For a typical secondary unit area of 500 ha du, gives 1 flow of 590 - 5551/s entering the night storage reservoir. For 12 hours irrigation, the outflow from the reservoir will typically be 1,180 - 1,110 1/s For 90° o conveyance efficiency it secondary level and rune tertiary units, the design flow to the head of each tertiarv will average 118 111 1/s (see table below).
Table 9-4: Number of ternary units and tertiary design flow
Nr
hem
Unit
Quantity
Remarks
Sugar Estate
SH Fanns
1
Design duty at head of icvoodin canal
1/s/ha
1.18
111
24 hr flow
2
Secondin’ Unit Command
Area
ha
500
500
Whole  commsnd  to receive water                      ,
3
Design flow provided to secondary unit command
1/s
590
555
Ideally to be provided odv
at head of secondary  —
4
Design flow tn secondary
d/> of night storage (avg)
l/»
1.180
1,110
With night storage
5
Secondary sntem conveyance efficiency
%
90%
90%
_
6
Number of Tertiarv Units
Nr
9
9
Design Flow to tertian' unit
l/»
118
111
8
Tertiary unit command area
_(>vg)____________________
ha
55.6
55.6
Select number ot tcrtun unit so that »'«’          4f> W
ao      round
h» .Mso (») *  f* number, (ti) conM«i=r topography q£C<*°  *?-
,n
17-M»V “
Ub P4 StOlb Mtl> Prvehqimmi (J>
168fr^** ^
' Irrigation options
ou ‘ "d Fln'
The rrq^cd
p ^)"’stop<
* farm layout and whether basin or furrow irrigation is appropriate depends
. whcther terracing is required, see Table 9-5.
Tablrjl Opbo°
5. On-u™^
I^Kid slope (%)
Terracing Requirement!
On-farm irrigation method
_
<3%
Not required
Furrow irrigation
____
2*3
3-6%
Terracing  to  form: (i) flit
benches (basin irrigation); or
Furrow imganoc for sugarcane cropping by commercial estate
(ii)  benches  with  2%  cross- slope (furrow irrigation»
Basin or furrow irrigation for smallholder farmers to accommodate range of crops likely to be cultivated
5
6-12%
Terracing  to  form  flat  benches for basin irrigation
Basin irrigation
•
>12%
Not suited to  irrigated
cropping
-
The flit and gently sloping (<3%) plain land is suited to furrow irrigation and does not require terracing. Furrow cross slopes of up to 3% are permissible. For the project area much of this irea will be under sugarcane culm* at cd by the large commercial estate using mechanisation for bnd preparation Field layouts will enable relatively straight and long furrows to be adopted (up to 250 m) though care is required to ensure that furrow longitudinal slopes and flows art not too high causing erosion (0.2% long section slope and 2.51/s stream size are likely to be ippropnatc). Furrow spacing would be 0.75-1.00 m.
,.
hot the gently sloping (3-6%) and sloping (
,, IW \ ir«5 terracing u essemal to
’>
irrigation The terraces would be formed to fo ow t c
<,«. lb». 25. (2J% 
.o m lo-i s-<. ■«*-rtxx 
(efnC(. u-xithi varying
5 For row crops,
-
such   as   sugarcane   and   cotton,   furrows   are   appropriate   P'°   funoU.   lcngth;     up   to
sufficiently wide are likely to be the preferred option.
about 100 m are appropriate and would be aligned to mate ,( h the narrower terraces and where a large vancn of croP  °
f$ ;
s
appropriate, It is envisaged that all land on (terraced) slopes gre
The scope for mechanisation on the terraces, particularly with basin irnga
17-May 11‘ varu
afEltupu. Mnty 1 IT'afrr c^ Earr^
Erfutiaa Xdr I~ypttoa aatf Dnaa^pr Pny*1
(b)           Oo-ftnn ungioon & drunigc layout options
,        of „™0on ml *»W u™»t opnoos to .cq««d >O .>«„,*,
L, „«.™ on .
°<*F>
.nd eommodj (>™,              „ '•<
D
„  „ to Engm.eW '■■*»"" *  "””f
""J "”  “”'
m
d
TtoS to to on-tom onto ■»> d’“” <b“ ““lud“S >»"J tovdopm™, - „
tenaong costs) art also given.
Table 9-6: On-farm I&D layout op Hom
*
Option
Irrigation
Method
Indict tree
Cost
(US$/ha)
l&D Engineering Uy.,,,,
—
1
Commercial Furrow trngation on <3% dopes with lay-flat tubing
986
Lined   renwy   c.nsl   .Ugned   down   the   slope
field contour canals which are spaced   roxu™ d)    _^
W                  t      ln0
Imp  non  water  is  supplied  to  all  field  channel,  umuhanruusk  “* field channel than imgates a group of urn,„    ,
t               on    2g
sugar),   supplying   water   via   lav-fiat   tubes   (ptpes)   wh^h   run,f slope supphing the furrows.
Field drains run down slope to collect any surplus water at the endrf the furrows feed into a (contour) ternary drain. Refer dwgSID/01 shown on Figure 9-7.
2
Smallholder Furrow irrigation on <3% slopes with open channels
419
Ufilmed ternary contour canal aligned along the uphill boundin of th ternary unit supplies 4 (3-5) lined field*; canals which arc spiced approximately 150 250 m apart and run down the dope. These led
groups of 10 15 furrows on a 14 day rotation basis
Field drains at the end of the furrows collect any surplus irnpson
supph and lead into teruarv drains aligned along the downhill b-'unXT
of the tertian block Refer dwg STD/02 shown on Figarc 9-8------------------- -
Furrow imgation on terraced 3 8% slopes with open channels
707
To reduce furrow lengths on the terraces to about 100 m the tcr®n flow is supplied to 7 (6 8) downstream field channels, rhe field require drops al every terrace and therefore are unlxned
Field drains at the end of the furrows collect surplus irrig^doo and lead it into the tertiary drain aligned along the dnwnMl rhe ternary block Refer dwg ST D/03
4
Basin irugaaon on (enaccd 3 8% slopes with open channels
609
An unlined ternary contour canal is aligned along the P
the Ternary unit for 2/3’s of the length when U nims
field canal. There is also an unlmed ternary canal 90* ltd15
the slope (which has drops al every terrace) and th
aligned along the contour parallel to the upper re                       ^plr* effect dmdes the tertiary unit in two Each reru^O^                    (tetf*^ down-slope field channels which supP^F WI,er r
basins Irrigation flow is split 4 (3-5) ways irng’
simultaneously on a 14 day rotaaon*                                maaocrt
f
In between the basins field drains collectlUfpIU* and feed it into a contour tertian’ drain align
the
cro/CH*hJ?7--
boundary if the tertian unit- Refer •    h_‘ —
:
A
Th P4 QA*r1k r JLl\ rv—1.
.. >«<■Irrig^tioo
Indicative Cost Sl/ha)
1.781
Furrow
I mg»rion on terraced 3 8*/» '>*>?*’
with P' C
T&D Engineering Layout
This layout has a similar arrangement to STD/03 However the down slope field canals are replaced with buned PVC pipe (100 mm du) with (concrete) risers every 4-5 retraces The water is diverted out of the risers by stopping off the outlet flow from the riser. Each nser supplies flow to 4-5 terraces. To avoided ult blockage of the pipes the tertian
canals shall he lined.
prpe
Field drains at the end of the furrows collect surplus irrigation supply
distribution:
and lead it into the tertiary drain aligned along the downlull boundary of
0) 5A: RC
the tertian block. Refer dwg MD/05._____________________________________
riser boxes;
As for Option 5A except that pressure PVC pipes are used capable of
fu) 5B
raking the static head that may develop m the pipeline. .Also supply to
pressure
each terrace & irrigator group is by pipe outlet with an orchard valve for
pipe system
"on-off’ control Pressure reducing (globe) valves are installed along the
6B
Basin LrrtgaCon on terraced 3-
8* • slopes with PVC pipe distribution.
0 5 A: RC
piprancs to ensure equitable pressures ar each outlet dunng ope radon 1'his layout has a similar arrangement to Si D/04 but with PVC pipes (150 mm dia) instead of the field canals and the tertiary canals are lined. As conveyance losses are negligible with pipes the tertiary is not divided into two as it is tn STD/CM.
In between the basins field dnuns collect surplus irrigation (and rainfall) and feed it into a contour ternary drain aligned along the downhill boundary if the tertian unit. Refer dwg SlU/06.
A* for (>ption 6A except that pressure PVC pipes are used capable of
nser boxes,
taking the static head that may develop in the pipeline .Also supply to
f©SB
each terrace <Sc irrigator group is by pipe outlet with an orchard valve for
pressure
‘’on-off’ control. Pressure reducing (globe) valves are installed along the
7A
7B
pipelines to ensure equitable pressures at each outlet during operation This layout has a very similar arrangement to STD/06, however due to the steepness of the land the drop heights for the drains will be more due to the larger difference in elevation of terraces. Refer dwg STD/07.
As for Option 7A except that pressure PVC pipes are used capable of talang the static head that may develop in the pipeline. Also supply to each terrace & tmgator group is by pipe outlet with an orchard valve for "on-off' control Pressure reducing (globe) valves are installed along the pipelines to ensure equitable pressures at each outlet during operation.
8
_ pipe system Basin irrigation on terraced 8
_ 12% slopes with PVC pipe
^tnbution: © SA: RC n »« boxci; (© 5B pressure
system
This Layout has a very similar arrangement to ST D/CM, however due to the steepness of the land the drop heights for the canals and drains will be more due to the larger diftcrence in elevation of terraces. Refer dwg STD/08. .t'nirvi Dtfmrjft/ Rttvtii r pjhtofiti, Xbnny of IFot/f <*■ [inrrr.
EthopM Slit Irrrpaoo ma Dnra^p I^wxt
Option
Irrigation
Method
Indicative
Coat
(VS$/ha)
______
with open
channels
Pipe distribution with concrete riser boxes (options 5A, GA & 7 A) is considerably greater cost than open channel distribution.
Hcctcd due to ib
\S there ts very little iraptwn of Iwd with M2% dopes proposed (just 128 ha
ungahk irea refer Table 6-3) the four layout options that will be adopted arc        or ° 2% of rhe Option 1 Commercial furrow irrigation of slopes<3% with lay flat tubing foub,
32,380 ha ( 50.7%) of the net irngabic area, refer Table 6-4;
Option 2: Smallholder furrow irrigation on <3% slopes with open channels would > adopted over a mostly smallholder farm area of about 14,340 ha (22.4%); Option 3 Furrow irrigation on terraced 3-8% slopes with open channels would be
>[>4
adopted over the remainder of the commercial sugar estate area, about 4.950 ba f.**,
and
Option 4- Basin irrigation on terraced 3-8% slopes with open channels over i mor.lv smallholder firm area of about 5,730 ha (9.0%).
Special measure and N2 soils within the imgable command area totalling about 6,470 (101% ha\c a range of slopes and would be included within one of the above on-farm favour opfiuoi
A variation of the above may be adoption of pressure PVC pipe distribution on slopes >3% with the pressure pipes capable of raking the static head that may development tn ihe pipehne The pipe distnbution system would supply each terrace and irrigator group from pipe oudr° complete with orchard valves for “on-off ‘ control. Pressure reducing 'globe) valves would be installed along the pipelines to ensure reasonably equitable pressures at each outlet during operation
^ ann ImK*non delivery partem and rotanons
, ndary canals are operating the design flow will be provided to each tertian unit < a (typ.) for 12 hours each day, from about 06:00 hours to about 18:00 hours
will be supplied to the tertiary canal and then to the furrow’s or basins via channels snd/or ky-fltt tubrng. Typically three (2-4) field channels will be supple sunuhweously wtb flow from the tenury canal
The flow along each held channel will be managed by irrigator group farmers / estate workers.
The deliver)1 pancm arranges the sequence in which each img»tor tmgauon cycle. Ideally the movement of water along a field canal w
, comprising
oup
rec^
s y5 trmaOC
Ub F4 SXHh lAh rw—v'*
i r the reverse, but not haphazard This reduces losses due to prism storage and
bea dtot*J-ortn
peHme.ec «"“*■
solidaoon was not successful and farmers in the smallholder farm areas continued to P land              krt(j holdings, and planted different crops at different omes. a systematic XdX'Xuld be difficult to implement
^  w irrigaonn, likely to dominate in the plain (flat) area and in the commercial sugar
no
F°f inigai°r groups would manage diversions from the field channels / lay-fiat tubing into
t5U furrows using plastic siphon pipes of 40-70 mm internal diameter. For basin irrigation.
tc d io dominate on the terraced slopes, temporary cuts would be made in the earthen channels to divert flows
Rotation distribution by turn according to a predetermined lime schedule specifying the day. rime and duration of supply to each irngator group is proposed.
Water distribution to tertiary units and to irngator groups within each tertian' unit has been determined for a typical secondary’ command of 500 ha composing nine ternary units and for a 14 dav rotation with night storage at the heads of secondary' canals. If three irngator groups are provided with water within the tertiary unit simultaneously, then each will receive about 39 1/s (for the commercial estate) and 37 l/s(for smallholder farms), less conveyance losses along the tertiary and held channels, see Table 9-7 below
Table 9-7: Rotation of supply to irrigator groups & depth of irrigation
Quantity'
Nr
Item
Unit
Commercial
farm
Smallholder
farm
Remarks
Rotation penod
davs
28
14
Adopt  28 or 14 (exceptionally 7 or 21)
2
Number  of  effective  hours  of  supply jachday
hrs
12
12
With night storage
3 4_ 5
Number  of  effective  hours  of  supply jf  rotation pc nod
hrs
336
168
1
Tertiary    | command area (avg)
uni
ha
55.6
55.6
Typically 50 60 ha
^'un,ber of field channels (typ )
Nr
3
3
6
Continuous   supply   to each field channel
7
Available per ha with design
. .r
Pl            -        ■--- --------—
hrs/ha
18.1
9.1
(336  or 168 x 3 / 55.6
ha)
r--
________
OW prov*1«i to each field channel J£5g?tof flow)
!/•
39.3
37.0
Irrigator  flows  of  20  40 1/s recommended
each field channel
9
JP-’Ahourd.
ha
0.66
1.32
12 ,cd ,n cach ,cmuy “"**m
ha
2.0
4.0
173
17-May 11E'Mw N* •                 r)nSR* Pr^
Quan
Commercial
Volume of water supplied io farmer* fields
Volume supplied to (ternary
tnigaton in rooponj>cnod
Ternary  & field channel effiaemy
m’/ha
%
2.569
85%
3 Depth supplied to  trngaior group in
rotation penod
4         Application efficiency
5         Depth supplied / available to crop
in rotation penod
6         Depth of witer typically required in core drv season months foe rotation
period (28 or 14 dap)
110 160
(sugar cane)
(d) Commercial farm furrow irrigation
For the commercial sugar estate a rotation penod of 28 days is proposed, giving an effective irrigation penod of 336 hours (ie 28 x 12). and the “standard” tune for Geld irrigation u 181 hours / ha
For fuaows, each with a stream size of 2-3 1/a, and with an earthen canal supply of about 59
1/s, then about 13-20 furrows would be supplied at a tunc. For a furrow length of about I5va the irrigation time would be about 4 hours. Three sets of furrows would therefore be lmgarrc in a 12 hour day.
l*hc depth of water supplied would be about 153 mm in rhe 28 day rotation penod iirrigitji® interval)
(e) Smallholder farm basin irrigation
hor the smallholder farms a rotation period of 14 days is proposed, giving an effecme imp penod of 168 hours (ie 14 x 12), and the standard rime for held irngabon is 9-1 hours
For heap sods and a stream 112c of about 37 1/s a suitable basin area is about 0-2 - 0 taking about 1.8-27 hours to irrigate. The depth of water supplied would be about the 14 day rotation penod (irrigation interval).
SuArc Irn^nno Spiemi & Pn^ Mdvyn
UbPtSrttk fa,nI rhsllcnx**              Choice of Irrigation Infrastructure
Ope
rsoonsl
14
9.4 J
ls!*<W*
of in  rlStru
f      cnirc that enables operators to meet the operational objectives is a
Pf0**100,^ fof
..cheme success and is worthy of considerable thought *. The challenges facing
4
"Uie
red
P r€f of large irrigation schemes such as Upper Beles are considerable and stem from:
Long travel times along the irrigation canals from the diversion points on the Beles river to the field The Right and Left Main canals are about 100 km and 130 km long respectively with travel rimes of 28 and 36 hours
•      Presence of a large sugar estate, small /medium commercial and smallholder farms (possibly with some farmers growing cane under out-grower arrangements) within the urigaDon command area;
•      A range of crops being cultivated, dominated by sugarcane on the larger sugarcane estate and a range of crops on the smallholder farms, requiring differing irrigation intervals and application depths; and
•     Large variation in irrigation demands due to rainfall (partially) meeting crop water requirements for much of the year (sec Section 8.2.2).
Irrigation (and operation) engineering infrastructure choices will affect how well scheme operators can meet operation objectives in the face of these challenges Infrastructure that provides operational flexibility and quick response times and is easy io operate, but which is not too costly, is desirable Key infrastructure choices include:
•     Intermediate storage.
•     Night storage reservoirs (night time irrigation),
•     Upstream versus down stream control; and
•     Degree of automation.
(a) Intermediate storage
Intermediate storage in the form of balancing reservoirs located along the two long (over 100 Ittn) Main canals are proposed as this will
•     Reduce response time (for upstream control system - sec below);
•      Increase flexibility in system operation by accommodating surplus supply arriving from upstream, as well as enabling operators to respond more quickly to higher demands arising from downstream, and
Increase the hydraulic stability of the svstem.
(b) Night Reservoir Storage & Operational Flexibility
nc Gts and economics of night reservoir storage was considered previously in Section 7.6 ^ht storage reservoirs are proposed at / near the head of secondary canal so that night
not necessary4*. This is expected to increase water use efficiency as well as tert ace failure due to un-observed over irrigation. It has also been noted that this
c °ukj              ^VCS considerable operational flexibility as daily irrigation within a secondary unit
‘ Qc«ase  /  decrease  from  the  designed  12  hours  As  it  is  unlikely  that  peak  demand  would --------- -----------
--
nrT1* K^ddineji for unganon development leave ihoc choices wide open under this and other feasibility gahntl 24/7 irrigation would be proposed and night srufagc would not be proposed
^^lopmenmj
175
17 May 1!F«mi.
fap***.                Mfwhy *IT
rj^tfua NtJf lrr^if>pt j*d Dmugt P'W.f
occur simultaneously over die whole command area such locali
surcharges could be met bv the Main canals.
(e) Upstream versus downstream control
Upstream control is where canals arc kept full from the upstream d
released downstream to meet demand. Depending on canal lengths ,WnWards' *nh flr^
■"^rr.
be a considerable response delay in meeting changing demand If,* U>''1 ‘In* . <C
s
r
against by provision of balancing reservoirs along the canal svst
Can
see Figure 9-1.
' C,T1 and night 5l(,tle. J™
F *Urt 9‘h l
and Downs.*.™
•^stream control is where canals are kepi full from the downstream teach up. w>* offtak a ° PnWD WW^t MOra£e 111 each reach available to inunedhtdy meet any uicr^ belou’ i i , R^ponsc to change m demand is therefore instantaneous, see i
increase, T'*’i C°” °f pr°'ldmK this
P“® wedge storage is signified C ’^“
Ppronoldong •
0
W ’,h S,g,u/5“nt sl°P«> “ cach rMCh CSSCnmU> 1X«of
m
°otrol may be subject to abuse as upstream fanners,
r b"” ■»«•
*■“ *“
.be .>» Bde.
irrigation c.an...Ial .  s.JIM*
pn ”*'
(d)           Degree of Automation
rhe degree of automation is the extent t e sc
within the canal system without human operand
advantages:
•     Labour saving,
•      Easier operation, and
•      Improved operation.
The operational concept for Upper Belts is for a 
*«h a reasonable high level of flexibility Monitoring operational performance to be assessed and imp
|hc following
*« 
^ ?jlso prnposcd to enable
To ad(USt /regulate
. atmg structures are
flows  and  water  levels  within  the  system  a  variety  of  control  /  regut  g proposed including
•     Cross regulators / checks.
•     Head regulators / offtakes;
•     Flow measuring structures; and
•     Balancing 6c night storage reservoirs
Automation refers to both: (1) automation of these structure
crate adjustments), and (ii)
an( j
»<
4 ^b«k
f
(« «»«•”«
P >wth md feedback to a control system).
r
^^Pment (1)
177
17-May 11Vf+r* 
i.ihKui
ftpetfr tfEtyit. Miauty Water Eirrg
1
I^fad— J*(i Drtin^t htprf
• jjf
,  of ‘       °°  “ 
utoma    n
ied for Upper Belts where upstream control n the technical skills needed to set up and
A de? 
P’°PO$C Lent'^^^Leeda
cost. V '
(dectrotuc) e^mpment t^um^
tof '
\> tier alternative would probably be to »dop,,
downstreart1
However partial automation need not be too costly, nor reouirt: hlpi
exunple gates at cross regulators can be float or counterweight oper,^^ W|Ulp,nei’L
n     n iln c
^tL-. operation of irrigation schemes allowing data and instructions to be * -l, '
upstream water levels, or duck-bill weirs adopted. Aho mobile pho^Xv ' *‘ '
computer (data) or verbally (instructions).
“ c > ^strutted fo.
The extent the system is monitored C‘rW) can be unproved over time with addition
level sensors, etc, provided to structures, automation of feedback, and appropriate loftix^ developed to aid centralised and automated operation 1 lowcver replacing mapproprate K and control (cnil works) structures is expensive and once built there is operational “lock iT
Figure 9-3 below shows various gate options for cross regulators Options include:
•     Automatic counterweighted float gates for both upstream and downstream control;
•     Semi-automatic duck-bill weir structure with gated orifice taking a proportion of die flow, and
•     Manually operated gates.
i^F4Srtib]&nDownstream Control Gate
Upstream Ci •ntrul Automatic Gate
Upstream control semi automatic structure with
screw gate
countcrweighted gate
trucTurr options and proposed choices for the Upper Beles irrigation system are
ow for the Main / Branch. Secondary and Tertian’ canal systems.9.42
Matt C" Bnnih Canal Sjrtttu
Along the Mam and Branch onak the following is recommended;
•     Cross regulators to maintain full supply levels (upstream control)
of flows to off-taking secondary canals for a range of mam /
0.5 to 1.0 Qd).
•     Gated bead regulators to all o fluking canals to regulate offtaking % rotitions; and
•     Flow measurement at all head regulators and downstream of selected
(a)            Cross Regulators
Options for main & branch canal cross regulators include:
•     Manually operated gated weir / flume type structures
faa *l'’,c «ot»
can ^
faci^
Cro,% f’Mton
•     Semi automatic composite long crest (duck bill) weir and gated orifice ^truour The advantages and disadvantages of each are tabulated below.
Table 9-8: Options for main & branch canal cross-regulators
Option
Advantages
DlMBflvinriBM
I
Gated weir / flume
Allows (local) control of flow’s / water levels at structure Acts as weir whrn gates arc lifted clear of the water. .Allow’ greater flexibility for example early morning supply can he sent Io tail coders by opening gates, or kept for head enders by closing
gates
Competent gate "pem-nr-j^ at each structure Good communication bniu retard
2
Composite duckbill weir A gated orifice
I xxal operation mfrequendv required as duckbill weirs maintain upstream full supply levels Orifice gales allow passage of bed sediment and would be lowered only when rotation of supply io secondary canals is initiated. Maintenance costs are lower dur to only 1 gale and no (minimal) requirement for a gale operator.
| Difficult lo tamper with.
Construction cost tqxca>- * more expensive than       k* Do not allow same &F1 control of flows wiicr*^ structure as 0^ Cun*
Providing long crested (duck bill) weirs in conjunction with gates t
supply fluctuations without gate adjustments will provide the desu
without the need for trained gate operators. Il is important that th*
shown on the figure below so that bed sediment is swept through
o spill (relatively^
rd necessary
educkbm^-^
the central c"1 e AncC.
should be capable of taking about 50° • of the design flow before the wor spilling weir will therefore clearly indicate to mangers and stakeholders alik fallen to less than 50% of design and cither: (i) flow should be increased, < shirt down and (14-day on-off) rotations instigated The duck-bdl weir crest r>
sayi 0.1 D below F'SL where D is the upstream design flow depth.
be 1
I-"b  Sr01b J&E) DevFlfiftm~.. o(b)           11 rad-regulators
The Mun canaJ head regulators shad comprise gated orifice structures enabling (i) on-off capability, and (ii) flow rate adjustment The onficc ensures that discharge fluctuations are not sensitive to upstream water level fluctuations as flow through an onfice is proportional ro the square root of the upstream head.
In theory such structures can be used to determine discharge based on gate opening and upstream (and downstream for submerged flow) water levels. However such discharge estimates arc inaccurate and specific flow measurement structures are therefore proposed.
(c)            How Measurement
Hume flow measurement structures are proposed downstream of each head regulator and at selected locations along the Main canal. These will enable an accurate discharge measurement purely from an upstream head (water level) reading. If desired water level sensors can be installed at these structures with automatic relay of data (le water levels and flows) Alternatively water levels may be read manually by the gate operator
(d)  Balancing Reservoirs Balancing reservoirs located along the Mun &
ieguktot 5tructul„ have
upstream, and (ii) Rwck
buffer storage to: (i) accommodate any surplus supp Y                       u-trr levels in the reservoirs torn
will help inform diversions from the Beles river into t
H is proposed that the reservoirs have two compartments
d operation is earned out to
“off-line”- The intake
maintain  one  full  and  the  other  near  empty  The  reservoirs  whcrc  the  crest  is  fixed  at  full
structure would comprise a gated onfice as well as a spdl supply levet Spillage of water into (he reservoir would in «e o w °uld release water back into the canal downstream of the
1 Rated orifice.
5U ppty The outlet structure
5tructurc and would
Th
Vhe suited
■    ^^wouM be related to the offtakmg flow
o f (he balancing reservoirs next mer,.olI (or diversion weir for the
rricrvoir) jnd the travel time
^tween two adjacent reservoirs (or diversion                       &
(|)
181
17-May 11Fritrt
J.rWu Miiturn * ir'atrr &
bthaW Ntlf              4W Dn»Mfr Pry*?
, rM
(e) t%CiPr' l ,e»tded « »<«*• *«**“«• P«evenhng
*s w‘ mo" pI°P" u r»na\ *»»«“ for n'“ntenancc (as *cU *$ m *' ««n n(,
»‘btoF *“’*' i OTbwto~»-
°f
-g (.-icalh have * spiH-wcir section for automatic rejection The Vpp« Heles escapes wi 1 
of
watc, ftom
iU ^wppM‘wtU*‘P'
Escapes would be typically located upstream of aqueducts and the  event  that  uash  racks  become  blocked  Escapes  would also waler can spill into (natural) drainage channels.
9.4.  J    Standary Canal S xsttttu
(a) Night Storage Reservoirs
o(
Night storage reservoir would be located at (near) (he heads of secondary canals at i cross regulator structure and have sufficient capacity to store the 24/* design flow for 12 hours
It is proposed that the reservoirs have two compartments to enable one to maintained r cleaned: dunng off-peak periods l"he reservoirs would be “s: line”. The intake structure would compose a spill weir section where the crest is fixed at full supply level so that when the cross regulator gates arc closed at night all flow is diverted into the reservoir. The ctou regulator would be a gated flume structure fie without duck-bill weir; An escape arranges*™ so that surplus water vs released back into the carud is required to prevent the reservoir over- filling The outlet structure would release water back into the canal downstream of the cr™* regulator structure and would be a gated onfice.
Figure 9-5: Night storage reservoir (Koga)
^HSdllbJ&DDcvc).-sCross Regulators (Checks)
ate op^’aon h'K^11 storage, cross regulators / checks along the Secondary canals T ° ^have duck bill spill weir sections but with the spill crests set at design FSL Thu would.
- houlJ *orrccI operating water levels to be attained quickly each rooming without operator © *“”* B. (u) provide transparency concerning correct water levels at each cross regulator / ,d,U5' r,jj) help inform when excess water is being provided. As for the Main & branch
CC
rand cros■
.        ~ rcmjlators central gated onfices are proposed to allow passage of any sediment
HoWC'I*
reduce the length of the spill weir sections and the cost of the structure it is
, rhat the orifice be designed co take at least 80% of the design flow, with about 20% proposed tnat
taken by the spill weirs.
I lead-regulators (Offtakes)
Head regulators (offtakes) controlling supply to tertiary canals shall compose gated onfices
(d)            blow measurement
Immediately downstream of the check and offtake structures should be flow measurement flumes to enable accurate flow measurement.
(c)            Escapes
Escapes would be provided along secondary canals with design features as described above for Main Ac Branch canal escapes.
9.4 4 Tffliar, Imfo/nx 5‘yslffn
The tertiary systems will comprise tertiary canals, field channels and /or lay-flat tubing supplying furrows or basins.
Tertiary water control structures will comprise simple (reinforced concrete) box structures fitted with gates (or equivalent such as circular precast concrete “lids”) to control flows to earthen field channels. The gate width (span) of each ternary box structure will be proportional to the offuking discharge. How measurement structures are not envisaged within the ternary units.
T^ail end I field Ac tertiary) drains would collect any excess runoff from furrows (and surplus bom basins) and lead this surplus into the drainage system. Junctions and drops will be prosided to ensure against erosive velocities in the drains.
lv isagcd on-farm irrigation infrastructure is shown below, Figure 9-6.
183
17-Mav 11yarrv Dr^rui.- Mtw/n Wafrr &
Er/upur Mir      /•? D/vjff Pn^r
Irrigating sugarcine
9.4.   J  (rjttj axdtaxgi
In reduce costs ill gates sizes should be standardised The following standard widths for ooh ind head regulator gates is recommended:
•     Slide gates (single spindle); 0 25m, 0.30m; 0.35m. 0.40m; 0.5m; 0.6m; 0.8m.
•     Slide gates (double spindle); 10; 1.2m. 1.4m; 1.6m; 1.8m. 2 0m, 2 2m, 24.26.2S.V?
Gauge* tor each structure should he set relative to structure crest level (not bed level), andtbt gauge datum (zero value clearly marked on an adjacent datum plaque. The upstream design FS1. should also be marked with a plaque.
L*b Pa e.niL ».
_-* p'w”*r
Performs Ind,c.ton, F.ciAries F
fj1
Pt^ancr teuton
P and ^ter Ch^,
Performance indicators are vital to measure ..j-               ___ arc flow measurements computed to 
put of the command area, drainage flow,. need for irrigation
Wc "’«s ’condemn of field              Ut pf>lled to each
°‘** °b,Kt”'> Pnoanai
of
°*'emunc J
I   le
requirements for processing ind communication of data and instructions will ndude computers, printers, etc linked using mobile phone network (using CDMA dongles)
Tekmetry cin ,x* usc<^to automatically convey data fie reservoir water levels and flows within h mam irrigation system) to the main project office Other equipment would include vehicle /
y j  transport, current meters to calibrate structures, soil moisture testing kits, etc
[of C   C  c
Fadhoes would include an office building for main system management, pmnbly located in I near to Fendilu, and possible smaller buildings for each secondary WUA. Buildings would need to be furnished.
W Woltr Chords
It is assumed that water charges will be based on the volume of water used (to encourage high use efficiency). For the commercial estate area bulk supply would be measured at the boundary of the estate. For the smallholder farm areas, the WUAs would be responsible for collection of water charges from members.
M Syrian Maintenance
As the Upper Beks project is a new irrigation development farmers do not currently appreciate the maintenance needs, activities and costs to keep the engineering infrastructure in good working order. If maintenance is not earned out, or frequently deferred, the scheme will deteriorate resulting in its inability to perform as designed and crop nekls will be reduced.
Co^bk err™, m .b^r™ .cq-rf... tuja 
»< ,. ppon devekp™. of . ««-« WM® *>' l“> *■ b'“d
develop farmer (institutional) capacity to implement the strategy.
Maintenance requirements for engineering infrastructure Preventative Maintenance, (li) Routine Maintenance, (uiy
repairs
2n j Emergency
Preventive maintenance works are those require to ens ^"Owning of the I&D systems and invoke only minor Examples are lubrication of gates, painting, weed mng
Routine maintenance will commonly be executed
«■»! by 
'truciurcs and from the canal and drain prism -
urc eiw of operaoon and smooth
for bbour materials.
eMthwofk dressing.
onalclosures ind ued
se dijnent temovd at
5  tcm°
X »' d*m'r
xffecung freeboard, and minor structure repairs.
17-Miy HFrm De**raa. RiptW.- afEAtfiU. Stmrrn af Wafer <*• H»np f-j?wjpw» Xr> ow/hiitf Pfyeti
Periodic iruinteiunce addresses major repair works and may be im i
.nnual closures Works may include pnsm rc-proGling and quite m- C‘nCn'cd d'ttinj>
m ’’ortcP«rsto,^dt<!
Emergency repairs ate those not foreseen and which must be undertak
partial or complete system shutdown and subsequent loss of agricultural ' lrTU**d,1''ly to , mse because of extreme events - flood damage, sudden failure of > PK,dut:*>n. fj,.
"
Maintenance would usually be carried out dunng canal closures I off
As most of the command area is expected to under sugarcane (ic a perennial °°p maintenance wold have to be earned out during the wet season from July toXp
1 structure andu^ *
' Milseason; lfi«T
[Turing implementation of the project a Maintenance Strategy should be prepared n
would include (i) an asset inventory; (u) a description of maintenance categories re ° and costs (possibly introducing yardsticks for maintenance cost estimation); fiii) >
maintenance cycle including preparation and implementation of annual maintenarZc maintenance funding arrangements; and (v) maintenance mitigation measures 'egb\ r
out maintenance tn timely manner).
9.7 Fanner Managrnieot InfonnatioD System for O&M
The WL’As / Scheme Board will take over management, operation and maintenance of the secondary and tertian’ l&D system within the smallholder conunand area by the end of the support phase of project development, and by that time wall nrrd to have adopted a imiUhoka management information system to: (1) provide timely up to-date O&M information, inc al control financial income and expenditure
Design, transfer to the WUA» and Scheme Board and training of at least two operator* •• * modular computer based fanner MIS is required It is envisaged the MIS will compmc tix following modules:                                                                                                                              .
•     Administrative module concerned with VC'TJA and Scheme board member P names and contract details for Water Masters at tertiary and secondary
•     Operations module concerned with irrigation flows. equity of distnbunon,
•     Maintenance module concerned with maintenance activities, and
•     Financial module concerned with records of income and expends
, .-irmers theMwnSys**"’ ^ In additional to the management information system tor iai • managrnK,‘
and the commercial farm would design and operate similarly struc lnlocmatxxi systems for scheme O&M
0
LT>F4 SrOlb l&D Development (11^^menr °AM CO3K
f-f 9.1'
/g/wdfl****
comPnSC
u ** ^bprojects to build up, strengthen and support farmer managed O&M during the
projec' P*00*
Costs for the Mam System Operator for nine years and recurrent costs for system O&Sf for the design life of the project
9.U
o^MS»bf^^^dCestl
IncrodiKtion
- and activities of the proposed subprojects to build up farmer institutions and
The oDjecuve
io manage O&M of secondary and ternary systems within the smallholder farming area
are described below, and in more detail in Annex E.
WVA Capaa^
Sub-project objectives are:
•     Formation of about: (i) 451 WUGs for each tertiary unit within the smallholder farm
area; fii) 94 WlJAs (32 on the Right Bank and 62 on the Left Bank); and (ui) the
Scheme Board able to take a proactive role in scheme development, and by the end of
the support phase of the project to take responsibility for scheme operation and
maintenance within the smallholder farm areas
•     Support development of guidelines and legal framework including rules and regulations
for the new farmer institutions.
Sub project activities include:
•     Formation of WUGs, WUAs and Scheme Board including (i) awareness generation
through an 1EC campaign & meetings, (u) preparation and use of mass media; and (rii)
holding of elections for the WUA committees and the Scheme Board.
•      I raining and capacity budding for rhe General Body (ie farmer members) in, for
example, (i) formation and structure of the new institutions; (u) their purpose and
function; (hi) roles and responsibilities the institutions and their committees, (iv)
bolding elections, etc.
Specific training and capacity budding for (elected) members of. (i) the WUA
•Management Committee, (u) the WUA Audit Committee, (iii) WUA standing
committees concerned with O&M; and (iv) Scheme Board. This could include, for
Sample, book and record keeping and setting up and management of bank accounts.
Note: specific O&M training, including construction of tertiary level l&D
^frastructurc (but not land terracing / levelling / smoothing), is presided for in other
O&M subprojects.
Building awareness among the WUG & WUA members of other (non-O&M)
^project interventions that are planned and implemented through kcbelc & village
nl red institutions including the kcbcle council and cooperative societies.
187
17-May 11Df****i.
Mntffr) IT tirr & E^r^
Lflwr«» A’afr                      Dw* Pr*ni
W
Mv^O^hF—I—
OOAL’    1*^    J 
w      bulW      up
f*nn«    (WUG,    WVA    and    Scheme    Board)
Sub             °b,e<n^erake irOg»Don management and operation achieving: (J)
about ten years to 
^parent and equt
smallhoWer farm ar A .
with minimal water » 
•
vndudmg farm terraces, and (M
dwtnbunon (pantcularly downstream of the Mam
w d water application that meets crop water te^^
lo canJ pnsms ,nd
sd f sufficiency by raising funds to
mCCt full Oty.
costs
Th mb protect will assist in the development of the operating strategy / procedure,
/guidelines for the project (to be drafted by the project consultants / PMO office staff) \enng (> dam and storage reservoir and left bank diversion weu, (u) Mam catuls; (w)
^condary and night storage reservoir operation; (iv) ternary system operation and fl™ ^dudtng efficient water application by furrows and / basins, (v) crop waler requirement, aop nLl and tmgation scheduling. (vi) seasonal crop planning including crop types, w «
lt
! non method (furrow / basin) and planting dates enabling preparation of dutnbutxc
^edules to) role and dunes of VUG /WL’A Water Masters to oversee flow roution, *
<■»)
of >y..™ -tn.™™., p-do^lv ,^»o »d .Tn
™* M r~“d ">■’“
ra “■
Sub-project activities tnclude capacity building and training to achieve
•     Clarity and consensus to the operating procedures / guidelines prepared for the premx among WUA members
•     Agreement of water charges for irrigation water to be levied on WUA memben is id
as how funds should be collected and action to be taken against defaulters
•     Appointment of competent water masters able and willing to earn- out their O&M duties at tertiary (443 units) and secondary (93 units) Joel.
ub project will also support comprehensive training / capacity building in opcnting procedures , guidelines for. (i) the Water Masters appointed at tertian- and sccondarr unit kve.
it, members of WUA standing committees for system O&M as well a< the System Bead
US
a P“.T‘■*dip«n-W.leaobX.
^ at ^e constructed infrastruc fU^C
Up ."“bolder T,m,r (UT_'G, UCA .rd Schon. »«*
rna *nrcnancc a timely and sustainable mini*'' performs as designed for its design life (30-50 ynn)
Subproject activities indude:                                                                                      ■ ^dehn^ tof
•     Support for development of a maintenance strategy I p scheme covering: (i) asset inventory; (ii) maintenance catego costs (possibly introducing yardsticks for maintenance cost e innvU] maintenance cyck including preparation and unplemcntau plans, (hr) maintenance funding, and (v) maintenance mitig’
It quircn*nt5
/mJ
carn^
(
maintenance in timely manner).
• Buddmg grneral body awareness of the importance of nU1"
tentnee ltS
Vb F4 StOlb IScD tVw.1f.***
C^dty    buxkling    of    concerned    WUA    st,nd,    ng    comnunce    member.    Sch    . members including dissemmahon of the maintenance strategy / pfowdufo 7*
guidelines
ur “ '
Specific -d ngo^us training (formal and on-the-g,b) for those sdected by the WUA, W d Scheme Board to supervise / .mplement maintenance including to the J masters concerned with O*M at ternary (443 unns) „d secondary (93 unit,) lev . Support to farmers (WUG and WL’As) to implement ternary system con, jj works during the .mplementanon phase, including; (i) tertian- canal, and drains ternary system structures including concrete divwon boxes and drops (note , J shutters to be pronded to the WlJGs / WUAs).
M”"”"* of WUC / WVA, / Scheme Bort .. „|| f„ 
T'" m.m.enmee.
m
,o
tend, ,em.ee . em.h .nd d™,. „
S
d p .d„A
,.ke m e, full ,,„em
„«h, ,m,w
,„duJ,„K
,o
by .he eml of .he ,„ppo„ plu„ fr„, ,'
f “ *'—-— Provision of tools, equipment and materials for maintenance
9.S.6    0&M4: Farmer MIS for system O&M
The  sub  project  objc<uvc  is  to  establish  a  management  information  system  for  farmers  to  enable  them  io effectively carry out scheme OflcM.
Subproject activities include:
• Design of a simple Management Information System to be controlled by farmer Wl .’As / Scheme Board composing the following modules
•      Administrative module concerned with WVA and Scheme board membership and names and contract details for Water Masters at tertiary and secondary level;
•      Operation! module concerned with irrigation flows, equity of distribution, etc.
•      Maintenance module concerned with maintenance activities, and
•      Financial module concerned with records of income and
expenditure
raining of at least two operators to manage computers and to enter and process data collected and produced by the MIS, providing information both to the Scheme Board >nd \X1 a members at regular intervals, and also to tbe Main System Operator,
w  r°curmicnt and installation of necessary hardwire (computers, printer, etc); entodng of MIS system for 10 years (year 4 to year 13)
189
17May 1198 7       O&M Sitbfwojfd CsrtJ
The cost of 6c four proposed O&M subprojects to be im I
summarised below and totals US$ 156 million, or USS 40 mcni<*i over afeo
».r>H
-Table 9-9
Titk
Subproject
WUA capacity building______________________
Institutions
Improved SptcmOpc ration by Farmer institutions
Improved Syuem Maintenance by Parmer Institutions
' Fanner MIS for system OdcM
9.8.8
Rftvnnt 0&M Costs
Including for 6c cost of 6e Main System Operator, annual recurrent costs for system 0*m are estimated to total US$ 93 million / year (ETB 155 million / year) as tabulated below on
Table 9 10
It is proposed that this cost be split according to net irrigable aiea between 6c sugaicw crate, and small medium commercial farms, and 6e smallholder farm area adopting at rate of US J 145 / ha per vear (ETB 2.430 / ha per year).
Vb F4 StO1b lid) Development H .Table 9-10: Rrciufent O&M Com
knnual Coats ImllUool
USVhi
Inta nance Coati _______________
1Istorage flaaerwirand Mem Canal
ion Infrastructure
Main
63.671
2 M*n System Drainage A Roads infrastructure
Main System Operator
32 0
63.6711
2Q[
34.1
SISecondary and Tertiary frngaton A Drwnage Systems smaMioiden
Secondary & tertiary WUAs
40.0
23 1091
0.9
154
4
Secondary and Tert ary Imgation A Drainage Systems commercial term
Comm etc iM Estate
36.0
40 762
1.5
245
Sub-total
6.5
106.2
101 4
1,694 2
Operation Coots
1
Main System (localj slating facilities & equipment
Mam System Operator
220
63 671
14
23.5
2
Secondary A Tertiary Systems staffing tec Mies A equipment
Secondary & tertiary WUAs
22.0
23,109
0.5
65
3
Secondary & Tadiary Syttama: »t«ffing todttm A oquipment
Commercial Estate
22.0
40.762
09
150
Sub-total
2.1
46.9
44. (
)           734.6
Total
9.:
1           156.1
145.1
1      24290
Note: Ful OAM costs to be met by WUAs f Estates
Exchange rate ET0 - USS: 16.7 (Dec 2010)
Ub F4 SrOlb IdcD Development (1)
191
17-AUy 11Figure 9~S: ST D/02 Typical on-farm layout: slope <3%, smallholder furrow
Ub l«4 StOib IfltD Development (1)
195i y i________i r-
CZf •Ub H4 StOlb !8cD Development (I)
195
17-May 1!EibMfik Miiu.fr) tf H affr c*-1
l.t'nfiw Stir
art Dwagr Pnyrrf
•J
ubHs,oi        v
bl4Dl>rannexes
Description
'~' Annf
Mnres on Stakeholder Consultation Workshop, 15,h March 2010
__ ________________
\nnrJL------------ ----------
/'I
1 miration Practices on I jrgc Irrigation Schemes
Gros* A Net Irrigation Areas by SDA A Secondary Unit - Right Bank
_______
Gross A Net Irrigation Areas by SDA A Secondary L’rut - I-eft Bank
( anal and Pipeline Conveyance Costs for various Ground Slopes A Discharges
Cost Benefit Analysis Tables for Canal Lining
[ Uirxx F                             Cost Recover}’ and ( >AM Subproject Profiles
17_M.V 1 IDMrjtii-
Mitufy efW^rr & Fter^j
F/'ro^n Ndr JmjafiM JW Drvn^f hvftd
\Uv‘l1
L'bHSKitblADi^j^^,...S’**
ANNEX A
OTES ON STAKEHOLDER CONSULTATION WORKSHOP
N
15 MARCH 2010l t*n!  Dtawnc  RfM*  tf  Erinfu,  Mnurr)
:
tfVTaifr^
EJ*C*m .Nii             a*1 Drvup Pr^KfI^r Consultation Workshop, 15th March 2010
A
A'
Tina water balance model and the opcranng rules of the f (HP scheme The Consultants requested confirmation from EEPCO that the power station and Lake Tana operating rules were based on Salim and Pietrangcb (2006) and later refined by SMEC taking into account monthly lake levels. Commissioning of rhe HEP scheme is expected in April 2010. and EEPCO operating rules could not yet be c onfirmed The consultants meanwhile will proceed to determine storage requirements (for L’ppcr BeJes) assuming the SMEC or similar rules will be adopted and for (fairly) constant seasonal electricity demand- Further discussion concerning operating rules (and dam storage) will be initiated through the MoWR with EEPCO.
2. Dam reservoir storage requirement concerned several participants Storage would be required progressively for irrigation above (say) 40,000 ha, but dam(s) should not be built until the Bries river prism stabilises (the period of adjustment is not known but could be up to 5 years). The meeting concluded that it was up to the Consultants to idennfy rhe optimum capacity and phasing for any storage dam. BDFC Hiber sugar were concerned that storage would be required and a development horizon of 10-15 years would be too long for the planned development of the sugar estate’s full
command fie left as well as right bank areas) It was also noted that the any required dam would take several vears to design and construct, and this should not be left toe late.
5Etk^l Dt^raa.             j ErAr^pw. Mnifr) af ITafn- <*- E*"&
latoafw Slit l^faaoa Dinara Pra^f
the level of consultation required was discussed by paniap^ occluded to be issues needing government attention to resolve „ high 1
6.
Discrepancies exist in the boundnnes / location of land allocated ,o ' commercial enterprises (BDFC - 17.400 ha and CLC. 25.000 ha) « Wl,
this was not a problem for the consultants and overlap / review of allocate,**'
be sorted out by Government.
U w noted that a large workforce would be required for the commercial supt requiring housing and other (.dimes This woukl be roughly costed by the
(along «* all other scheme development costs). 1 lowcver it is currently
th.1 m government costs would encompass major infrastructure for bulk waltt major damage and major toads, with (ii) private investor(s) would meet thccwaof the commercial estate(s) including factories, on-farm (cane haulage) roads, <qu,pn<nt et c For smallholder areas the full irrigation Ac drainage costs would be home by Government
8    The Consultants were asked to consider / advise on optimum sizes for commcicui
firms for vinous crops considered.
9     Concerns relating to imgation efficiencies, drainage of vertisols and yield lost of nrc under pressure irrigation compared to surface basin irrigation were responded to In the Consultants.
AJ Statements by Key Stakeholders
Representatives of key institutions mending rhe consultative workshop were mvited to nuk statements These ire summarised below.
I.
Burcau 01 Wa,cr Resouice
octatted design for pin of thc ()n firm
2.
3.
ajtTcemrni                 OfWl,“ Rcsource Development noted that coordinancm /
*nd (ui)         f ’           conceming (i) HEP operating rules, (u) infrastructure woeb. TJw a . Lr           Pigmentation and suggested formation of a coordinanon conuurrrt construction           ^m^>n rcPon s presidents office noted that currently
$
works uere being undertaken and funded by the regional government ugges  that  Lalks  be  initiated  to  discuss  project  funding,  including  federal
4.
government support
o^th J PC° rCpresaitam c 5t>,ed that EEPCO were well aware of the nun! de®*0*
•ater diverted from Lake Tana and that EEPCO were ready to discuss °penoons with the MoWR.
to  noted that EEPCO have been provided with a  schedule of monthly
.
WltCr fWiuarnMa*t» (and that this would be firmed up
* study work) It was also noted that feasibility studies for about W.
&
Uwer Beles
protect wouW 
wd «ter re^
6. £ °"'1 .
*** Bcm$h* pl Bureau of Water Resource
n
tmprosed consultations with authorities from his regiuf.j^fjcatK-n concerning water allocations for Benishangil from the Lake Tana basin
..........................................................................
hiibcr (joint venturc Partncr w’t^1 BDFC) noted the}- were raising  public funds by  share
• sue for development works and that rapid / good financial returns would be needed to make dividend payments. I iis company were expecting to establish the estate (over
- 400 ha) within about 3 vears, by 201.1
the meeting to give a general opinion on the oreferablc mix of
due to poor presence of smallholders.
Workshop Stakeholder Response:
Gowwowr/ gnural policy for Cpptr Britt u to pnmoit aiHmtmalfarming and agn-mdiutry, by a mngt of
prwott investors arid farm si~es, as well as through smallholders. \Thtle some population tHcnajt and toward migration must be allowed for, the emphasisfor existing nonsettled / non farmed suitable land should be for
.ommemalfarms. To reduce nsk and encourage private sector mvohsement, a range of commensal crops and farm si^ts may be identified and located with the stage development areas, locating small medium sigtdfarms is mon pnutL-a/tn anas when then is ahead) extensive smallholder settlement and will enable resettlement impact to be
miuatued while maximising commercial development for Upper Reles. The financial cons trjinLs faced b) many
.vrmuernal investors should be ncognised. Commercialfarm boundaries should ideally follow hydraulic / xmmand unit boundaries with the smallest farms perhaps leasing about 50 ha (tertiary block). and the medium
firms about (say) 200 500 ha. I awger investors could lease mon than one command “urn t” providing they had ibt financial resources to development their leased area. Existing smallholder nsidents would be resettled within
A
17-Miy-llExm^m                   ** *****
Workshop Stakeholder Response:
Then an 'appinntl) |) noma for fmancmf, development of based land which need lo Ciutltalt (proclamation 162/2009). It was understood that hulk imfit/ion watt"
*
J fames. and that investors would develop on-farm rnfrustrwcteere. The omwn^^J             k
development due to relatively steep slopes and broken land
Workshop Stakeholder Response
The consultants wrr asked lo consider fat hast) two development options, one of which wuld fart /w development of Upper Ms. The j taped development approach was accepted
A. 5.4 Gnmf) d" Sprinkler Development Options
The Consultants requested the preference / opinion of workshop participants between gnvin irrigation and pressurized (sprinkler) irogation
Workshop Stakeholder Response:
It was the general consensus that pressure (jpnnkkr) rmpatio r. is not suitable for smallholders but cud h adopted ip commercial farms when appropriate. The Consultants should consider implications o both application methods and recommend an optimum /preferred mix. Commercial irnpafors / ujers o. »
he nefumd to adopt the desipned system.
-4,6.4 TrfTrL-ima a/i
recommended for smallholders due to risks of poor construction and / terraces, leading to progressive failure and widespread soil erosion
,Jb P4 SiOlb |*D DevtlM^,v.hon Stakeholder Response:
workshop
^c^<^,ssht,<
shoul,., d tvzxauM_,„mtz tAhf(tW mH and btnefiti and makt afpmpnatt rranumrnda/wnj.
,Al-4
W . 
____ thir rhr d
Workshop Stakeholder Response:
■ XI                        ADSWF' that progress at present is dependent onfunding. It was unclear whether gpvernmrnt
flanntd to Mtk exttnwl fniiqfor fnjtd impkmtntatutn.
,-L^ /Ur
The desirability io promote nee within the scheme was raised is an ancillary issue because
expectation is high by smallholders as this was an important crop tn recommended cropping
patterns under the 1985 eark 19902 Tana Belts resettlement/agricultural development project
Workshop Stakeholder Response:
Rat generates quite good returns and has a buoyant market but nas not favoured by some vorfabop participants
(at least as a dry season crop) due to its high ouster requirements. Consultants need to demonstrate thu m motion to oMt-grviver sugar (for example). Rat drying and milhng eqmpment exists (from the old Tana Betts
Poteet) but thu in itself is not a reason to promote the crop.
d that follow-on meetings should be
issues, such as HEP operanon and< Ertaptf Mr»ar> tfTtrr & F.i*# FjW iVw Z’tvu^r r^Pnue^r Pryrtt
UbF*S«01bl*D
DtvcJopoei|,fn, Stimftry tfV j' frr&ETrg
ANNEX B
(RRIGATION
PRACTICES ON LARGE IRRIGATION SCHEMES IN ETHIOPIAEtn
j Ertrtpu. Mmjfn « Vatn &
Ezx^tft N*> /’T^fiw oj Dm^r PnfM
H ^M  )
4:  l>VTloom<_^**”"***^
PRACTICES on large irrigation schemes
|RR
igation PRAC
0
«; in the following existing large irrigation schemes within Ethiopia we praCn<\nncx to inform likely best practices to be adopted for the Upper Bcles
ujhen*
Selected
M.meof
Existing River
lurgc
Major
crop(a)
Year
Eat.
Altitude
Slopea
Soda
Region
Remarks
»cbcnic _ «‘on|i Shot Sugar
Sue
Awash
Sugarcane
1954
1.500
Mostly
<1%
Heavy clay soil (>50%); light tods
Oromia
(hit growers
&
commercial
Rift
valley
Cotton, Maize &
Banana
Early
1960s
1,120
Stir ioams A eby
loams
SNNPR
Commercial estate
Mrahin Sugar Estate
Awash
Sugarcane
1965
950
Mostly
<!•/•
Sands to
day
loams
Omnua
Commercial estate; Out growers
MeJo-
Zixrav
Rift Valley
Mixed
1967
1.640
Sands*
loam
Oromia
Commercial estate
Arm ban
Middle
Awash
Cotton
1984
750
Mostly
<1%
Sandy
loam;
loam A day loam
Afar
Mostly commercial estates
Finchaa Sugar
Fttatc
Itnchaa, Blue
Nik
Sugarcane
1998
1.350-
1,600
1-8%
Euvisob
A
Vertisols
Oromia
Commerdal estate
B.2
if?
Wonji-Shoa  Sugar Eatate
Irnjoimn zlrnt
The Wong-Shoa
Addis Ababa u
conunerd sugar estate „ near
ueas
•
— in the Awash nver basin. Its command Area 1: the core commercial surface (furrow) lrngano 
four different
. of 5 822 ha which is
Wanii-
nunagrd by the estate using water pumped
. the Awash• Rrvcr at w auJu
smallcI
Area 2: in out-grower surface irrigation area o
pumps abstracting water from the Awash mxf.
Area 3. a pressure expansion area uitlun the existing estat
» gravity canal off-taking from the Awash over is pumped tn ug
w hcre water from
pressure pipe
r
distribution system and applied by sprinkler Aarea 4 an under construction expansion .axes o
______ dnCrted from
n ACMI ha to use water
die river and pumped for pressure (sprinkler) irrigation
1
17 May 11f-'t+ni             R/Mi. E/Ar<w. 3frw7m •HF*" & Fjw^
f./Wu» Nii Mctfsw* &d Dm# P™i
The current irrigation area is therefore about TJ22 ha and
the near future.
B-2.2 Punpin( ifftiU
15 rxP'cted to 1,
,nCrCaSCM^b.,
To supply the core irrigation area (Area 1) there are eight plln) •
and two for 550 l/s. The total rated pumping capacity is 5.6 tn’/^ 8 Un"’- 5Us r»'«l for
To supply water to the seven out grower associations located around die core farm area lie Area 2), as well as lor the pressure (sprinkler) irrigation area (Area 3) there are several smiDcr pumping stations.
AU the pumps arc designed for 24/7 <»pcration and arc electrically powered- 'JTiere are no standby generators so irrigation is interrupted during power cuts.
To reduce sediment intake, all the river diversions incorporate a sediment trap in the head rc» of the main canal For the core irrigation area (Area 1) this sand crap has two compirtmrr. each about SO m long, and enables sediment to be flushed back into (he Awash met
Surfatt lm^tnn Ana (Ana 1&2)
a. Infrastructure
pumps run continuously to store water in night storage reservoirs spread at variou* in the estate There are seven main, and twelve tertiary, night storage resentjir^85
««Mc Irrigation u
Mthcoft-tikcBlOI/j/ha
Mmed out from ? W) |o y0{) pm Thc poi5 irni^
ts 480      10
rhe water delivery infrastructure comprises open earthen canals I Tie m>                        m)-
length and thc secondary canals are classified as ven* big (40.49- m)
jvpcs Pi
Temin canals    classified mto medium (113.929 m) and small {W 
m
,n
lc J ,i t.*
control equipment are fixed proportional division and manual g    ^-
311
prunin’ and scc.radary levels. and some are located at tertian level
mA1^y '
and
Flow measuring gauge? were onginallv established but have been si Qf, Tins •* currently flow rates and distribution is purely on thc experience of opera
r-'“'11
Lib l’4 SrOlb Iflrll Ilrvckrnn™, n.w,«///?>e<«y< *
i  w-d’E* ®
r
iPnUO-T^’
S( ,n f°r |o” 10 ProductivKy- *nd ln’tallaDon of Paraal <l“mcs and lined sections where * fe#Sn rixnated by fl<’w velocity measurements is proposed.
be <"*
flo*’t c
rhe*
»n be f'
•>00 km long net work of drainage channels for surface drainage.
j,siie on the estate due to: (i) the low capacity of the drainage system to cope
j-Tooding t
X'^"s,l“”8h*h" ™ ''
(u) periodic overtopping of the Awash river and seepage through
o
lk   dI
•sugarcane is
b  Irrigation Scheduling and on-farm water management
■ lhe onlv crop and is harvested on average at 22-24 months. Up to 5-8 ratoon crops
'
ue pawn before re-planring.
Bl ked end furrow irrigation is used to irrigate the sugarcane fields in the estate as well as in he out grower farms. Water applied to each furrow is cut off as it reaches the end of the
fuirow which is blocked and ponds up within the furrow The furrow length depends on the gradients of the different farms and three lengths 32 m, 48 m and 64 m are being used. Recently the estate introduced "lay-flat” tubing and increased the furrow lengths to 64-125 m The main issue concerning lay -flat tubing is that labours sometime cut them when they have a grievance The furrow irrigation is usually managed by three irrigators which irrigate 1.2 ha/day
To plan irrigations the command area has been divided into five soil groups. ranging from very light soils to heavy soils. Irrigation intervals vary from 15 days for the lighter soils to 22 days or more for die lieavicr soils. Soil moisture is assessed by (he "hand feel" method and the irrigation interv al is sometimes as long as 30 to 40 days. Typically the gross irrigation depth nnges from 165 to 215 mm
In each farm there is a history / record card in which the dates of irrigation are recorded. Soil ^loisture is assessed at two depths (30 and 60 cm) a few days before the expected date of
^ngation, and irrigation is scheduled when the rest results indicate dry soil.
■p
Cfe 15 no triigation application in the two months prior to harvesting to build up the cane content and dry up the leaves before burning.
c j. 5tOfK: average cane productivity is 1.500 qt/ht. However in recent years yields have been
tnanage^  ^°
a
Ut 4l/ha- The reasons are not yet known but, according to the project
of            delude poor crop and labour management and an inefficient drainage system. In parts 1(0 groundwater is high and there are concerns about build up of salinity
•fitb
vmenr (1)
17-May 11ftJnl
 Do^
N‘i                Mi Pw^r Prwr.t
E "’»
Sugircanc in Area 1 (left) & sprinkler irrigation
ft 4,2 /Inw 1: Xortb^asttrn block expansion arta
TTic north eastern block expansion area of about 600 ha is irrigated by sprinklers I
canal has a gentle slope to facilitate deposition of sediment upstream of the mi.L
.
.
1
trash racks and pumping station.
'rhe pipe literals arc spaced at 54 m intervals, the spacing between risen is IK m and a np^ irrigation block is 72 m x 54 m (ic each sprinkler irrigates 3.R ha with 12 sprinkler positWi 11k design sprinkler overlap is 65% in accordance with the manufactures specification and relatively high winds No land levelling was earned out
Irrigation is earned out 24 hours a day and spnnklcrs are typically moved every 12 hours Sprinkler pressures are arc maintained at about 3 bars. Filters are installed for each block serving H ha to 20 ha with filter size varies depending on area
v wnaxc structure
fl. >.2 Ana 4. Sonfh-eartfm block expansion area
The south eastern block expansion area of 2.300 ha is located to the south-east of the lai estate around Dhera and is expected to be commissioned in October 2010 \X ater is
from the Awash River to the pumping station The trapezoidal intake canal to the p stitmn is unlined with a side slope of 1:1. There is no washout channel back into th nver and silt will have to he removed by mechanical means
Sediment Basin under construction in Area 4
Vb P4 Sr‘lb I&.D I >rvcl<            nfaiM" , a SUKar factories run under one management, the Won ii Shoa Factory
afws where new houses and infrastructure were constructed.
Resettled households are hired by the estate as farm irngators. security guards ind as daily labour for on-farm operations. The estate also arranges (where possible) irrigation facilities cnibling households to produce cane as out growers.
The estate provide*, medication services to all estate employees and out-powers including their children under 18 years old. The estate also allows the left over chopped cane shoots to be used by smallholders for livestock
ProxisiQQ  f reasonable facilities for resettled farmers, including irrigation ficihnes for cane
o
cultivation under out grower arrangements, has provided smallholder farmers with an improved the project so that relations between the estate and farmers arc generally good
•  >nd flood protection
c
to achieve uniformity of
17 Mav 11frtni .'*•*▼*. 
of Fjfoopta. MimrTry of ^ airr   Ewij,
E^cvjw Mr /'njuix DnaMf /Swr.f oj SikSWeFarm
L
,     .,
The design .re, of the state fann to be irrigated, with water from thc Sllc
nven w about 1.500 ha with an addtnonal 400 ha to be irrigated ustng sprinR
Currendv. the farm is charged on 1,500 hectares.
Irrigation witcr is diverted from the Silc River using a simple intake flnrn
Because  of  the  topography  of  the  area,  the  Silc  River  has  an  unstable  channel  °f    ** point, and the state farm has to train the nver annually to divert the required ”                   "”***
J f a itu The main canal, secondary and ternary canals ire all earthen with napczotdal c
Other structures such as division boxes and road crossings are made of stone
Manually operated steel gates arc in use in thc farm though most are not funcl^T^
uonal »t promt Surface irrigation methods arc employed to irrigate crops tn the farm, burrow imgaunn u
widely used to irrigate conon, maize and banana Cotton is first irrigated 3 4 days after pUnnnp and then every three weeks for five to seven nmes until it reaches maturity. On the other band, Tanana is legated every week. However, banana ts mostly planted on marshy part, of thc
to decrease the frequency of irngatton and reduce water requirement dunng the peak dn
season.
Thc need for irrigation water is assessed by examining thc condition of thc crops and "fcclinc" thc sod
As thc farm is using surface irrigation a significant portion of the labour force is
employed in managing irrigation applications. During the first irrigation a team of eight penpie is employed, reduang to four or five persons in subsequent irrigations.
Canal maintenance is usually performed by the stale farm but sometimes surrounding farmers contribute their labour as they use irrigation water from the state farm c «
Due to lack of significant water storage structures there is a shortage of irrigation dry season, exacerbated by surrounding farmers also practicing irrigation. 1 o man resource an agreement has been reached between farmers and the Sik State Farm
.  >5nrl the remain*
t
1t
this agreement thc State Earm is allowed to use water for 10 hours a ay» hours are allocated to smallholder farmers.
the vaix>u!t ° ^  ***
c
5
Sdr is a government-managed farm. The intake and system of canals at e
^d.
owned and controlled by the suit enterprise. Thc enterprise owns tools, ^^1CC k^00 building* and trees. The farm ha< 256 permanent employees for fickhfc°^ng and han^lirg
It also absorbs a large number of casual workers during peak planting,
periods
"^"he mau) ^rng
*genoes in H Ccc^IUc^ capaaty, poor communicant betv^1
' PW state of the ph^c^^
CO  rdmatK)n
°
control structures and inade agequncatiees m seaimnntegnance
Ub F4 SiOlb !&D Development fn, i^a>. iptk •/&**“>■ Mhutrr
n
f z          MTehe"h M*reta Schanugar  sugar  Har esartatee, like VCOn^
n^ereasr at a constderabk lf>Wer
s/j
** U ‘^+950^ .e.4^
o f die estate is irrigated by gravity. I he Enterprise has a total concession area Mor« lh,n 81 ° ° H h about 10.3(X) ha is coveted with sugarcane plantation
o
f 14.733 h«. <**<*
5 abstract from the Awash River via wo gravity diversion weirs and intake
Jrtig*0011 ** ^d al Meuhara and Abadir. The main intake at Nfetahara w made of concrete
^adworks nu
and h contm
a diagonal gabion
Resource*
n)asonn
j,y the estate itself The drversion structure it Abadir comprises weir  across  the  Awash  River  managed  by  the  Ministry  of  Water
sediment exclusion arrangements at either diversion headworks The result is a
^d^ible amount of sediment entering the canal which reduces free hoard and canal
^"acin The sediment is periodically excavated from the canal and night storage reservoirs and placed along the canal
^herc afC
balan^0 °US ^or UnFaoon
water storage varying from 6.500 to 93,000 m  in capidty.
J
U PP \ and demand and prevent the need for night-time irrigation
I he water d
k |Jt *nh sriftje |^J ^>$lrUCtUrc Consi5t5 of a 1,200 km canal network of mostly unhnrd canals
n
canals. Manual gates arc used to control irngition water flows Water
17.Mar-11F^nlPnomni
V.&kw* Nii 1’h^m ■>*•*
UMtn •fVttrr C> Ewj;
*4j-;
'j
control structures are found at primary, secondary and tertian,, level
gates arc employed to measure water discharge.
Furrow irngtnon using plastic siphons, typically of 70 mm mternal di approximately 5 l/s flow it 300 tnm head, has been in use for a lon ,mCtCr Rivu'F flexible irj-Jlat plastic tubing has been introduced as an ahrm-.t., * ?”* Recc'>tly, 41 r
man irngatot team is responsible for managing the 200 l/s |- ,i „ 
.>.
,
”tatn e to feeder duck 3 rr'rr'
a
,chcs A th,..
The introduction of the kg -flat tubing reducing on-farm losses caused
reduced labour requirement was seen as a threat to employment and the tubu"5 ' " *
n5
11> *
I lowevcr thev have gradually been accepted and 6' % of the Geld Accidental tubing bursts also occur due to excessive pressure build up.
Uy-flat tubing (hydro-flume) attached to end of tertian canal
g **’ Vindjll'nL
•
irrigating fu^
The benefits of lay-flat tubing include:
•      Reduced land take from 3.5 m to 1.0 m.
•      Reduce labour and number of labourers (from 3 to 2) required to manage on *anr. irrigation.
•      Reduced / no conveyance losses;
•      Allow large fields to be ploughed, longer than furrow lengths, as the lay Hat be placed over any part of the field after ploughing and whenever irrigation
The estate has several different makes of lay-fiat tubing, all 16 inch in diametr , hydro-flume; (u) flcxi flume. and (in) aqua-flume Flcxi-Flume (from Australia) best technically by the estate due to its double membrane and a relam ch ^>8 P resistance of 1.4 m. Its light outer membrane colour reflects light whde th membrane reduces algae growth. However flcxi-flume is relatively expert types of lay-flat tubing originate from Iran, arc heavier and can only
1.1 m.
d**1’
The irrigation interval depend on sod type and stage of growth and ' light sods at early growth stages to 22-26 days for clay loams ar later R amount also vanes from less than 55 mm (550 m'/ha) to more tha
0
-p,c jppUc* * a
(1  500 01
r
l b 1-4 SKilb l&l) Dcvdi.pcnc^t fit:^ ‘
,
A  prop« '
r
i . y-fv from about 1,500 qt/ha co 1.900 qt/ha per cutting
rchcnMve drainxgr system has nocr been constructed and runoff sometimes C ‘’^e  cnd  of  furrows.  There  are  alkalinity  and  salinity  problems  in  some  pans  of
X xurt>° * ' excessive irrigation applications and inadequate drainage facilities. The using
1   ,f
the e»“|e  dU‘ thf  oet£by Lake Beseka has forced small areas of irrigated land to be abandoned, ^ter lf'-el °
of new drainage canals and rehabilitation of existing drains currently coven about
t0
2,160h**'
"‘Tf 2V* of the irrigation area
0
divisions* (iJ 
. smaller canals is earned out manually while sediment from the main canals is fksilnng of tne
^ovedbvmechamcal excavator
M tahira Sugar Estate is a government managed scheme and is organized mto four broad 11,C       ' /a .onculmril operations; (ii) factory and logistics, fiir) finince and human resources,
r
.
ind (iv) support and advisory services. The estate pays for water diverted from (he over to the
.Awash Basin Authority.
The relanonship between the estate ind local fanners have been poor since implementation of the project, but have improved in recent years with more consultation and as a result of construction of schools and canle watering facilities, and though provision of free medical care to estate employers and labourers The expencnce at Metahara led to adoption of better practices at both Fentale and W ong Shoa.
Id Meki Ziway
Lake Ziway is the water source of the Ziway Irrigation Scheme. 5Xatcr is pumped and diverted to the scheme using centrifugal pumps. The water delivery infrastructure includes, (i) open line and unlined canals; and (ii) pipelines. Water control equipment includes fixed proportional
<iiv i$»on structures. manually operated gates and flow measurement facilities at primary
r
secondary and tertiary' levels. Flow measurement facilities arc calibrated lined sections of canal
station)
Con5,>nl arn°unts but varied frequency (modified frequency
<bVs for de CFe lrn^at100 watcr ls applied every 5 days for shallow-rooted crops and every 10
irngatjOn bu^  °°
r
tCC^ Crops- The predominant on farm imganon practice is surface (furrow)
,v °cado abandoned sprinkler and drip irrigation systems also exist Tree crops like papaya, the tajl ends 'lnC a°d l>anana aic cultivated by basin irrigation Inadequate water supply at
5 15 considered due to sediment deposition and vegetation growth in canals.
^jor en
applies
c °nccm tn the area is the decline in the water Io el of Lake Ziway.
^)
irUt
’nd  alktbni
°  Wa,CT   *°  T^c   ^tcxpnse  and  ocher  irrigated  firms  There  are  also
' P °bletns m the irrigated area especially near the lake.
r
,lkc
Cmpk,yccs 111 scheme is 2,000; about half of them are female. Activities
R and picking are mostly jobs that are earned out by women
17-Mav 11pew. DrsMrtir
Mtnrfry •fWuttr c* F.<v*p
.\rif I'ng&Wi M(f F'WMjff Prv*.7
mcfCUi
ff.6 Amiben
^ COn^np-'^pUeS
-
..^muuon.1 «i«e> include wm« d^but^ finance. Pcn‘,nncl pU"’UnR "d m°ft"On^
Irrigation waler for the project is diverted from the Awash River by a di
functioning of the weir due to river bed aggradation results in Urge v<>|ur^ ***’ P°or
entering the canal system annually The primary canal has a design disch and supplies a command area of 14,600 ha, about two thirds of which
' rdunrTU
13 m’A
n 15 ^ligated
The main canal runs 26 km from the diversion weir and supplies mostly
distribution and drainage system is by unlined canals with major control <nincrcui fwms The
1
reinforced concrete and minor structures masonry. Offtakes from the priman
irrigation water to the MA ADE in Mclka Sadi, and to the Mclka Wcrcr Research S
^‘^JCtUXCS lx*ln
Anubara Settlement Farm in the Amibara area Ibcsc offtake comnnse
jn
structures and allow flow measurement, see tigurc below.
.
1
" >nd
,c gated oniice
Gravity supplies were first provided in 1980 and replaced the original pumped suppbes fron the river. The project area is protected from flooding. both from the Awash River and ir adjacent hillside catchments, by earthen dykes.
mgation water in the scheme is applied using furrow, border and basin irrigation method, though furrow lmgauon using siphons dominates for cotton, the ma|or crop burrow length range from 200 to 250 m with a furrow spacing of 0.9 m In recent years furrow length* VTff
need due to the problem associated with poor (non-prccisc) land levelling
rastructure works include a network of gravel surfaced service roads and staff hou. and services it the project control centre and at the MA ADE
rhe proKCt control center, which is responsible for the operation, maintenance and of project components up io the secondary canal level, is also cquipi
* cs. and construction and maintenance equipment. There is also the provisi "Wly Hom boreholes in the farm villages.
tlbmSfdb lAcL) Development fl)
ino’
cpn straints irc the headworks and annual sediment intake, poor drainage
M aior •rf,**nO" waicr tables and gradual rise in salinity in pans of the command area,
fr4Ulung U1 hlgh ienancc of land levelling and non-equitablc supply to all pans of the commansi
^(X)6) the total number of employees working in the enterprise was 6,975. out of Recently ~ -mianent, 75 were contract workers and the remaining 5 980 were temporary
wIuch«o*« P
e
enTU ’
ctnpk>y<*s
TbeJ-mcliM sugar estate is
„ the west of the country
located in the Ftncha river valley, a tributary of the Blue Nile River Its command lies at an elevation of *1,350 - 1,600 m.
Most of soth making up
tTpically vary from 2-5%
Labour Rf^Hirrmtnff
the command area are luvisol but about 20% are vertisols, land slopes
. The elevation of the command arra vanes from 1,350 m to 1,600 in.
In the 2004/2005 cropping season the estate had a total labour force of 6.256 for the (then) 8,000 ha estate Of these 1.638 were permanent and the remaining 4,618 were seasonal labourers Most of the permanent workers are skilled and are assigned to managerial and supervisory dunes. Seasonal labourers work in the field and in the factory, fheir tasks include planting, weeding, irrigating sugarcane fields, harvesting, and piling of harvested sugarcane Almost all the permanent workers are provided free housing, clectnatv. water and health facilities
hvgjitnn Sj/fem
a. Command Area
command area comprises three distinct areas:
The original west bank development area supplied by the 45 km long West (left) bank
rT
uui canal of 6.7 m /s capacity. The original design was for 1.08 l/s/ha for a 6.200 ha
5
nc t irrigable area, however, after two or three years it was realized that this resulted tn ° VfT ,rnR;itlon and drainage and water logging. Consequently die duty was reduced and ' hc ro,nrnan<i area increased to about 8.000 ha
•     Tl* r?
c
- as< bank expansion area of about "’.000 ha area to supplied with a new East
°8htj bank main canal conveying water from the existing weir on the Finchaa river
•
2 nCW o^a^tc 15 under construction.
West Nashe area of 4,000 ha which is under development
17-May ItDnw.-3.Vi JCprk'A tfFjhiifta, Minify af U^trr d-Etw
rJfafljlSnf JmiufMi and tirtqt 1'rytf!
,   induhung   wd   rehiB-dv   Mccp   topography   the   Ftnchw   trngauon   project   w«   dw^
1
« a W* to/trf »t spmkJtr system utilising spnnkler stand pipes supplied flMa
».»«?»»■■                   taci >ymm pi™«.rf u> NonKcm Tr.n.v^ So*
X <wf” ~
*"
Labourers move the dragline sprinkler* from one position co other, guided by pegs fUcd v the correct sprinkler positions.
!rogation water » diverted from the Finchaa River by a diversion weir and convevcd to the original West Bank area of about 8,000 lia via a 45 km concrete “contour’* canal Along the canal offtakes divert water to: fl) gravity pressure pipelines; and (n) pump stations. Often a pump station is situated adjacent to a gravity offtake, with the pump stanon commanding the land dose to the canal and the gravity pressure pipeline feeding rhe area further awav and low
West Bank main canal & pumping station (left) 8c lining of the East bank main canal
x
 i"
Fhc laterals arc variable in length depending upon the field sizes, moi nOfrn>lh n°
pipe* with some use of a combination of 2” & 3” f°r l<^ g
n
er l*Icr*k
12 sprinklers pci lateral.
L h b'4 SrO|b lAeD Development i’llut
b field L»y° unit layout at Finchaa is based upon a grid of sprinkler positions
drag hp5< ir°^5,"|^>
<a
. ch sprinkler with its associated 36 m of hose and tnpod serving 15
»t IS”1 ’ *S,T1              ' is <>n top of the 2 or 3 inch lateral and two additional positions are on '^iDO0*’ °nf P05'110^ A fter 5 sprinkler positions from one self closing valve, the sprinkle:
^  rS!d«
hf
ophe
is conne<‘cd
next self closing valve 18 m along the lateral serving a further 5
js rcpcalcd for the next self closing valve 18 m along the lateral
TSitx’t’5 lh,S pTOC rc|urned to its first position; therefore there are 15 positxins for each
£f re the sprinkle'
0
1S ^
90m * 54^ (Q 486 hgy 
usc d
ve
VYR-35 brass
„ pQ
nklcr ‘•°vcnn^ ^*(h 4 76mm x 3.17mm twin nozzles rated for 1 8 m’/hr (0.5 1/s) at 3.1 bat
impact umo firc btertls are removed prior to harvesting and replaced shortly after
working P'«sUrC
han-esnng. A * 
positions tor ea r
f |o |he onc adopted at Finchaa is shown below, but with 20
, 72fn (0 65 ha).
Typical sprinkler system field unit layout
C, J.-1
k°&ition  p
a
IntcrVa^ and Application Amount
24 hour r,°nS  Ucrc  v  enable depending on sod type and crop growing stages as follows on th u ’Pphcation (133 mm) every 20 days at peak crop water requirement periods
K)
( crac*ung) vertisols;
hnriioi^.              1,00 inni) every 10 days at peak crop water requirement pc nods on Pphcation (33 mm) every 7 days for young cane, all soils
Oi
ai 'P^^r uniformity is about 84-85%.
p May-llFt*rj
l'.ltnfUNt SA
Mimi fry cWt/tr &
/tyrf
Sponge** 
d  Equip®'**' SprC,fiC‘°°X and «c VYR -35 b™« ™P»« "®"
\U sprinklersirc
rmm^thspt«"  \
c
cUI actOss the nozzle to spread the K, fo|
t.>v<»»Pr nc” _            V8m'/*«(0’^s)
• Q '
’
, Radius -
B  .. '
3.1 Bar
15.8®
f
The sprinkler unit is sourced from Valplasticusa. Canada and appears t<. be Rainbird 3011 (American) who have similar nozzle sizes and pcrf<irmancc ' * r0P' ° *
Sprinkler Tripod Fabricated from I" galvanised steel, 3.5m high with 2 foldable I
has water feed up the fixed leg and a quick release (Geka) coupling where the 36m CIciM attaches Source believed Io be Spanish.
Flexible Hole                   PE material. 36 m in length, 1” ID specified as 10 bar rated Cnpnalh 6 bar rated hoses had been used but these frequently burst and had to be replaced
Self Cloaing Valve The self dosing valve is screwed onto the lateral via 
1
©I j j 2 1 ” hosetail to nt ok
i | *' BSP mik
•
thread and has a matching male latching piece with a 90 bena an
flexible  hose.  Material  -  galvanised  stceL  source  Spam  l*he  original  alununiu reliability.
^ vc ppt
Laterals Original supply was 2” & 3” aluminium tube 9 metres^ associated hydrant take off valves and vinous tec and cross pieces srn
length from
^piors
j| i quao ^ 0< '
c
a
2” laterals arc subject to a quite high damage rate during handling,
piprs used only for extra long laterals seem to survive handling
Altemarive HDPE Laterals The new East bank development » untamjC «* DPF. (High Density Poly Ethylene) laterals supplied from India, they arc nO ystern^
“  have an 80mm to, and arc 6 bar rated lhey have a dedicated galvanised late > upling together which is fusion welded to either end of the 9m lengths and h
hvdrant take off * hydrant which flanges to an 80mm hydrant riser coming
d
Ub F4 SrOlb l&D [^cvdiomcnt 0 i
Idu main Supplier believed to be Jain Irngwon Sntems I.td Indu. pvt of NIla Dan
r ^ |5MC
L’fldcrgroun^ Main* The original West bank development utilised AC [Asbestos Cement) underground pipe prior to its removal from sale on I I&S grounds The new East bank development is using a combination of GRP (Glass Reinforced Plastic) and uPVC
'unplasncised Poly Vinyl Chloride) I"he GRP is supplied from Turkey by Supcrln Specification PXIO (10 bar), SN5000 (stiffness ratio). Standards AWAVA C-950 BS4580 ISO10639, supplied in 5 8m lengths to enable shipping tn Gm containers. GRP is used for 1,000 mm - 300 mm pipe diameters Finchaa reported a 10-15% loss due to damage to die GRP pipes dunng transport to site and installation Smaller underground pipes are class C’ uPVC- The GRP pipes ire being Ind without any special (granular) bedding material, at least in the predominant red clayey-loam sods.
Putnp,
— i \<c*Trt)4cValr_ *
^ urrip station No 4 on the West bank had 4 KSB Wellsur 9 50 W 14-
daicd   2007  Turbuie   ?umps  with  1  lOkW  4  pole  motors  fitted.  Three  of  these  pumps  were
dUtV' h is unde
die durd was an older unit with a slighth’ different ° O<^ these units were supplied to replace the original Indian sourced units
P from the French factory of the German company KSB
•e
i7-M*rnDtw*. Rfpato* tfEihitfaA Alnufn * F attr <*■ LztoCU' jXr< Irty&t* Drvfttjft Profit
'■hvlu
The iverige ige of plant sugaicane at harvest is 16 months, ranging ftom 14 u
ratoons are cropped, and average age for these ratoon crons « IA —>
Average productivity is as follows:
•      Plant cane at first cutting 1.500 qt/ha,
•      Ratoon crops 1,350-1.400 qt/ha.
Common pests include smut occurring mostly from November to April, and termites at ill growing stages Actions against termites arc spraying and fumigation Infected plants arc removed and burnt. Fungicides are also used.
Tn control weeds spraying is earned out; a Liras in herbicide is commonly used
Thttc
Farming machinery includes tractors hauling two to three traders and grab loaders to load cm cane. Cane is cut by hand.
B. 6.7       I jiwu I yunrr/f
The original design duty of 1 08 l/s/ha at the diversion weir (6.7 m’/s mam canal for a nci imgablc area of 6,200 ha), resulting in over irrigation and water logging h was subsequently tound that about 8.000 ha could be irrigated, equating to a duty at the weir of 0.84 l/s/ha
Ub F4 S<01b I AO Development -1)
16finch* cbwgcd from 2" * J- aJumtn^
^opnxvt to 90mm (80mm OD) Ifopp On&*Uy ,Up^ _
(
tohive been dnvcn by the relate costs ofj^ * S b* °* *«' bank
*** of HOPE. So fu Flnchha havc
ip pein to be performing welt
The 18m x 18m spacing of sprinklers and  _
tnat^,
‘
Out 2 J^rs 'tper^'/"'0'^
t/
^^Bbut jt
gnod uniformity. However there is lnr. ° ‘'^ of 4 ?6  x 3  j ■,
.pnnkJer. An dternauve would be to use C**°"
to
xa,mnC' of blockage This may como
mrreomc with good overhps.
Io/rrneril the change to GR P
Stok*“ vmM ,„
th " '*“* ’ n. i.
P             ^fom^. ,Q t ’*<** h1Vf ,
c,,c 0t. but can I
^
*
Re/ v
.  **Wh*!     DfafEf^pu      Mnufrf      HIT      afrr      <*-      Ewjy
FiMW N*fr
/*/ Dns^gt Pr**1
Ub F4 SHHb 140 Dortopmc, (1)* lra"r e‘~E'e’v
ANNEX Cl
S ET IRRIGATION AREAS BY SDA & SECONDARY UNIT - RIGHT BANK
GlO^ 4etu/ttAt□aANNEX C2
NET IRRIGATION AREAS BY SDA & SECONDARY UNIT - LEFT BANK GROSS &I Vi tnoiafc'l1 < " R 3 r.
w-'i'x1 1 1 S £ ’
-s
^•x-
9 ft
«
“r
•   »’3
— > « *< « Z Jb ' • x
a  j   •   c  a
T"
TT A
*
4n•   s•
•  4  a  *  4 ►v a
-’Mr.
|11|
3
«i;
•• •>
4
Hu  hi tC ?
6 *♦•  •  -  -  ►  .ym1      d •
•/ 1
- 15 c *’ a x  5
v
t       3 i i  hah
32
~ ” -•
5’J,5?
Ills
THinj
fJ’:;
J 5 | j
^nm
rWO
j j giaia g S jiiiisiiiiANNEX D
CANAL AND PIPELINE CONVEYANCE COSTS FOR VARIOUS GROUND SLOPES & DISCHARGESFfdtni/ Demo*rufn R/pMc of Ethiopia, Ministry of Water & Enerjp Ethiopian Nik Irrigation and Druin^ ProjectAMVEX DI: UNIJNED CANAL COSTS
UnfrwdCZMids tncfcafl
wCotfpei
I Manning' n
muttr   length   (By   9
s I Gradient rtnaO
inning's 1 Depth d / (m)
Bed Mkidlh
(m)
b/d ratio
Velocity
inV»)
P(m)
A<m2»
R(mH
Ocafc
Surplus 0
Ffc tmil
Berm
<m)
0(m)
Coned»on T           <mai 1
/ Des^n
IS<* dope a
fader lor b/dl
boundary
Diadiarga | CtlBHOd,
Qi (mJW m, ffb
400      200        200 30 0       200       200 20 0      200       2.00
100      1 so       200
~0 022
0 022
0 022
0 022
0 000090 11 170
0 000094 10 64’
0 000100 9 951
0.000113 8 866
283
2 83
236
1 75
14 40
11 83
8 65
7 42
5.09
442
3 67
424
0 70
OM
063
0.57
27 06
23 39
19 20
13 73
56 77
44 42
31 55
1758
210
1 90
1 64
1 28
40 02
3001
20.02
1001
0 02
0.01
0 02
001
1 00
0 80
080
0 75
425
3 95
3 54
2 63
3 83
343
3.16
250
ratio 1          sheer farce C                    (NAn2)
1 07                    2 66
1.03 L                  2<9
0.98                    2 27
1 01                     1 96
Bank width (m)
W1 I      W2
3 50           5 00
3 SO            500
350           500
200            500
00
40
20
1 50
1 50
1 50
200
200
~ 1 SO
0 072
0 022
0 022
0.000173
0000131
000014?
8.142
7610
6780
1 54
1 39
1 22
5.10
3.75
1 90
3 31
2.70
1 56
0 53
049
044
10 65
8 76
630
11 41
8 11
4 55
1 07
0 93
0 72
6 02
4 01
2 02
0 021
001
0 02
0 75
060
050
231
209
1 53
2 29
1 99
1 72
0 95
0 92
085
1 77
1 64
1 SC
200
1 50
1 50
500
500
400
10
05
1 00
1 00
1 50
1.50
0 022
0022
0.000166
0.000186
6 040
5.381
0 95
068
216
1 40
2 53
2 06
040
035
4 57
3 32
2 57
1 41
056
0 43
1 02
050
0 02
000
050
0 40
1 28
102
1.35
1 08
0 91
088
1 26
1 OS
1 SO
1 50
400
300
Conaldar hatf-cil and hatt-U canal wet fan
Contopancy =
Design |
R ^(n,)
~~ V^Tmb                    |-------- Rll.(ETB)--------------
Conll
J
40 00
30 00
20 00
DHchargal            M
Excv
Emol    Excv
Emb
SuOTot.ll CosUn
Total
CoslAn
Total
CoslAn
ml Pnvn side slope
m2 Hank saoa dope
56 8
444
31 8
12 5
94
94
100
1.00
1 00
56 77
44 42
31 55
12 50
9.36
936
35 00
35 00
35 00
36 00
38 00
38 00
2 481 94
1.910 40
1 460 04
738 56
573 12
436 01
ETB
3.200 53 2.463 S3 1 898 05
USS
238 85
165 34
141 65
A,»1
, *2m
, ♦m3Q1t
10 OO
8 00
<4,00
2.00
1 00
0 50
1>6
<14 ~81
46
26
Tl
!s
75
53
35
35
23
<oo]
1OO
too
100
1 06
Raia 134
1758
11 41
T11 455 257
7 50
7 50
5 34
350
3 50
35 00
35 00
35 00
35 00
_ 35oo
38 00
sajM
38 00
38 00
38 00
900 26
664   40
486 79
292 2 7
2^2 93
136 14
270 08 205 32
146 04
67 68
66 68
JO 84
1  170  33
889   72
632   83
37895
289 81
176.99
____ 87 34 66 40
47  23
28 35
21 63
___ 1321
Uli F4 SrOIb l&l) Development fl)
I
17-AUv-llPtdemIDurKnticnjfx.UcofEthupia. Mutiny »f Wstrr & Ely
Nik 
fjtui Druta^r Pryra
ANNEX DI LINED CANAL COSTS (1:100 ground .tope)
Uned cmto wffi *ope fer ttoptof pomd
Ground w«agt dope
aaiooo 100
0001000
0 001200
Spaa ng o4
^221H
10000
100 00
A (m2
R
Qcdc
Sur^ujQ
Ft
RmiftA
2005
005
oooixjc
opou‘50
00016X
0001900
0 002100
936
522
ira
076
1008
006
'346
241
140
062
053
040
604
4.04
203
074
042
032
024
101i
004
0.04
0 03
001
~ 0 53
056
056
056
055
056
050
000
056
StaHa fa* xrih ictepubto vdooty^ Static fa* wti ictecxib* vdooty Static faw wOi ecccptabd >doaty Stable Ito* w6h amptabto vtooty Stab* fa* with acctptabu *dooty Stabd fcwwth icraptibd vdodFy Static              atcaptataa *doqty
» 0 $5 (cub-adcd low) to ptad agtond unctebu
NlCoflh
Aaauma tntoncad cut & fl
CoTOmgorry
30 0%
Exchange rite. 134
61*91 Dteehargc QI (my<)
rraaooaru
Fl (ml
ChAwxta
fear*   tap wMh.WI
(TO)
Banii top
•dth. W2
(mj
Badwidh
H
Flow Depth
(M
Ewavafian
(nO)
Fi(m2)
(ml
Lining
TNdmcn
(nwy
□rang
Vduma
(m$
Ex Rata
(ETWm>
FR Rata (tTWW)
Ccn bring
Rate
(ETB*n3)
Cod
(ETBAnJ)
Contrgwxy
(ET8)
totd (ETB>
7otd
200
on
200
360
600
320
i 66
9 36
9 36
915
100
0 91
35
»
1 ’«
2294
-------------------------------- 223
too
------------- 0 76
•1«
------------- Ho
SOO
240
123
622
;5O
flh
100
OM
36
36
1 790
i tfi
4
3oT
192
60
075
20<
20C
'■ 600
1 90
101
3 45
Tso
564
90
044
36
39
1 760
1.1IB
359
1MJ
115
4(
0 60
20?
i»
" 600
140
OW
243
T34
4 61
90
--------
35
Ji
1 700
»7
291
1 2i«
fl 1
rs
21
060
----------TW
■ ■ 5 io
400
---------- OSO
0 71
140
350
14!
76
0 26
--------------- 35
»
1 790
192
»?
— 
92
--------------------------------------------------- 9
U
ys
1 SO
1 S3
400
—hx
060
0 74
Tso
234
------------TS
Oil
S
31
1 790
449
140
909
ol
546
160
160
300
046
046
042
23
1.N
75
0.13
35
31
• feo
334
too
434
32ft4tnl Duncntit R/pM.- tfEth^a, Miniary tfV'.itrr & E*n$
ElbttftM Nik imgiiion aad Dnanaft Prqrtt
ANNEX D4: LINED CANAL COSTS (112.5 ground slope)
Lined canaie efthtfrope for doping ground
Ground average stope
001000             125
Oscharge
of channel
A
Canal Gradient (far acceptable design
Drop over
100m (m)
Suggested Spaongof
Drops (m)
Might (m)
(m)W
BedWdh
(m)
Wdriao
Velocity
(mfr)
P(m)
A (m2)
R
□cate
SurptosQ
Fr
^eroartw
200
150
0015
0.001000
0001200
1.000
7 JO
20 00
1 56
165
320
1 94
214
915
936
102
20 05
0 05
100
1 50
053
0015
633
786
2000
1 58
1 23
2 40
195
1 93
6 83
so
150
0 015
0601300
522
0 76
10 08
008
056
Stade low win acceptable vetocty
Stable flowwrth acceptable vefocty
769
“T87
20 00
157
1 01
1 90
1 09
1 75
554
3 45
0 62
604
004
46
0.56
Stable tuwwti acceptable * elect)
150
~dOiS
0 001456
690
796
2000'
1.57
0 69
1.40
157
4 61
2 43
TO
404
004
0.56
Stable low wifi acceptable velocity
20
150
0015
0 001600
625
784
20 00
157
071
090
1 27
146
346
140
040
203
003
056
Stade low Mtn acceptable velocity
10
too
0015
0 001900
526
tod
Tii
20 00
1 56
0 64
1.07]
234
0 74
056
___       05
6015
T0O2’O6
476
“775
060
1 35
0.32
101
0.01
20 0C
156
0 46
046
1.00
tlT
176
0 42
0.24
050
000
056
Stable flow win acceptable veioefly
Stable flow wifi acceptable vdoaty
NO Avoid; 0) Fr < 1 4 (M^er crtical flow) and (ii) Fr > 0 w (sub-crticil Io*i to guard agars’ iinstabla flow
NB vitoctes may cmm protiemei eg rtpptvg out of joints / nwtanal where concrete cracks (USSR ruommMds 2 Str..’? Vertical 4 up Might <24 mln flood canals
Quantttoe I Coats
Assume batoncad cut 6 fll
k.A X”' .L.
-.v rs'e. 4-'r.Qi
Coningancy
30 0%
Erchangerata 13 4
| Design l^reeboardlOuterside] Owchargo Fl (m) 1 stopes
101 (m3fr)|
Ban* top
Wdfi W1
9")
Bank
w
w«Sh
W2(m)
Bed width
<m)
Flow
DeptHm)
Excavation
I m?)
Fjpni)
Linng P
(m)
Lining
Thickness
(mm)
LMig
Vdumr
(m3)
Ei Rale
(ETB/m3)
F» Rale
(ETB/m3)
Con Irung
Rale
(ET8*ri3)
Co*
ETBAnJ)
Cotton pen ey(ETB)
Total
(HB)
Total (USI)
---------------- ----------------- ----------------- -
200] 0 60] 2 00
350
500
320
165
936
936
915
100
0 91
35
38
1 700
2.296
668
2 962
223
10 01           07M             200
j------ 200
5 00
2 40
ns
—
750
663
----------ide
068
------ 5
5        36
1 780
i.6fi
501
102
—----- --------- STU
1------- eit 6 is] 2 00
200
$00
1 90
16T
3 45
7 50
5M
80
644
”           35
30
1 760
1.196
356
i.Mi
115
4 01           0 6d]            2 00
1              150
5®
1 40
ON
243
5 34
4 61
80
0 37
35
36
1 780
937
2f1
1718
91
-----------Tdt-----------m--------------- 151
)l               1 5C
400
690
TO
1 4C
350
1 46
75
626
35
36
1 760
639
192
830
—-------- — —
62
itf              0561---------- 156]                TH I              0 51           0401            1501               IK
—
4 00
3OQ
OM
046
; to
046
6 74
042
555
228
234
176
75
75
016
0 13
35
35
36
38
f 760
1 760
460
334
140
100
600
434
12X^A/KX D5; COST OF DROPS ASSOCIA
TED
wriH Linuned canal <1.100
.io
P<;)
A>  nB            C<
*   **^ *    *’ fur V^rUauf Drop* fiuO/nu*
aiMf O*HanJ
<3rtxjn^ a.arepe stop*
0.01000
100
1. Reter UJ STDT51: Vertical Drrji SSmcturas
2 Rater Io STD/27 Slone Prateebon Io Structure*
EMcbeoQe rate
134
Concrete
(CTBM>3)
Relee
SM
iCTBAg)
(ETriAn3>
c
(2M>
oat (fTB>
PlttfunQ
Total adducing
3OM tarEAVU
Ccr>Mr*eency
Total Cod I Tor* Cea
<U5$>        1 U5JA-I
1 BOO
1 BOO
30
30
200
200
314 604
02 se®
103501
57 533
~ 18?012 V 6*5
573 322
312 U22
42.765
23 265j
i eoo
1 BOO i eoo
35
30
30
200
200
200
12BAS3
•5J 10
5OO7«
42.354
. f' S ' 1
»e eei
7,^70
0.3OB
1 434
229 450
Ot 510
17,133
«B3ot
i aoo
i eoo
30
30
to:>
200
33,45 1
1B 545
11 1CD
B^BIB
* aoo
4«
flb.i 13
3* «0
4 4Aflf
2,6771
—i
17-Mey II
Ub F4 SrOlb l&P DcvchifmK-nt (I)'edtral Df/rmra/ir R/fMc of Ethitpu, Mimstt)
"jhufrim Nt/r ImfjDM anti Dnan^ft Prytct
Ewp
LNNEX D6: COST OF DROPS ASSOCIATED WITH LINED CANAL (HOT ground «lope)
Quart toe* & Costs for Vertical Drops
Ground tvefige slope 0.01000
100
Notes
1 Refer Io STDZ51 VertKal Gap Structures
2. Refer to STD/27. Stone Rotedton Io Structure*A7V7VEX07; COST OF DROPS ASSOCIATED WITH LINED CAN^L (1:25 <roun<l elope)
6 CMTl for Uirffcrf Drop*
Oound average afcp< 0 IM 000
25
DrW
/ Sae
OtcPtrpt    t Pcptaf Qf (nOSJ     1 channel.
/ mf
I Drop 1100m (mJ
rl Svpgeitet Spacing d Dropt (m)
tl Drop
/
1 0T0
Depthd
Bed        1 W* (m)
•WWt 0
(m)
Free
board
(m)
0c (m)
X(m)
Dre
Li (mi
p Omen
T2(mT
eons 13 (m)
L4 (m)
15 imi
Wai
IMS “
Height (r Drops
SB
(■*91
n)
D/S
Concrete
Wait
thicXnest
(m)
Concrete I
Floor trucfcness
Cm)
lengh o(
concrete
ttructure
tm)
200
150
300
40 00
1 56
1 65
3 20           6 15
0 80
320
6 00
2 45
3 46
2 45
0 45
055
25 32
100
1-50
3M
40 00
1.55
1 23
2.40
6 '39
075
240
047
038
3.C0
200
1 00
1.00
6 02 1630
6 9t,        12 10
6 00
1 98
2 95
1 96
0 40
050
20 09
SO
150
3 67
4000
1.55
1 01
1 90
4 93
075
1.90
034
2 00
1.00
825
966
6 00
1.76
2 70
1.76
0 40
0 50
17.11
40
1.50
306
40.00
1.54
0 69
1 40
4 07
0 60
1 40
0 31
2 00
1 00
• 66
8.14
6 00
1 49
2 42
1 49
0 35
0 45
15 00
20
150
4000
1 54
0 71
0 90
100
040
1.0
05
100
100
364
301
3 79
40 00
40 00
1 52
132
060
0 46
064
0 46
303
1 84
1 36
0 50
0 50
0 40
090
084
0 46
0 26
024
0 20
1 00
1 00
1 00
too
1 00
5 22
470
4 16
606
3 60
2 76
400
400
100
1.21
1 10
066
211
1 96
1 72
1 21
1 10
086
030
OX
0 25
0 40
0 35
12 26
9 46
7 94
Notes
1. Refer to STD/51 Vortical Drop Structure*
2 Refer to ST D/2 7 Slone Pratecton to Structures
Exchange rale
134
done
P*der»o
ihkknee*
ind Ater
Well length* (
IMS | Drops
Uentfoon I SB
m)
D/3
UeniMJcn
Floor
Concret
IMS
eanerocn
e vofomei Drop S
BB
> (m3)
D/5
transition
Total
Stone prelection P (m)             VcT
(m3)
Concrete
(ETB/m3)
Rale*
~fltaeF- (ETBftg)
Pitching
(ETBfrn3)
Concrete
Cc
Steel
12*1
nt (ETB> Pitching
Total      including SOHtar BWa
6 Canlngency
Terfel Coet
(USS)
Total     Coefl (USMni I
J
0 45
7.351         160*
16 79
57 10
8 10
21 12
16 51
111 84
9 15          45 29
1 WO
X
200
201.305
67102
9 056
XO 703
26916
073
0 45
S 04) T5 82
14 3C
32 14
4 70
16 65
11 33
66 62
6 63          24 61
1 600
30
200
120 276
40 092
4 021
214 675
16 015
401
0.4
14 56
12 57
----------172
15 66
9 06
51 55
554           10 95
1 600
30
200
62792
X.93I
3 990
168 026
12 390
573
6 45
4 4>l         1 5 7?
1J07
14 1B
----------2 33
11 60
0 27
34 36
4 61          16 59
1.600
X
200
a foe/
20.629
3 316
111,565
6 327
2<M
0 4!
rirj tfm
10 66
T5>
3 6/
5673
346             7 76
1 600
X
200
M/W
12 260
1 557
iST/a
4 909
123
0 3!
2 20|         1156
9 64
|        4 69
0 73
7 66
«<7
3 18
1547
2 34            4 09
1 600
X
200
27 840
9 260
616
ft 111
3,661
92
OJ!
1.721        10 35
a 40
I 267
0 37
4 44
1 61
9 26
1 76            1 29
1 600
X
TOC
16712
5.57<
247
29 267
2 166
M
Ub V4 StOlb !&D IWfincm (I)
6
I7-Majr U'rdf nd Dtmwntic R/paM.- Effapu, Miaufrf 9f IPjtrr (** kntrp
:/Mpww Ni/t IrnpfMK Mid Dniup Prytrf
lNNEX D8: COST OF DROPS ASSOCIATED WITH LINED CANAL (1:12.5 ground dope) Quantffiee & Coals for Vertical Drops
Ground average sfopr 0 08000
12 5
Design
Discharge
Q1 (m3/i)
9de
sloped
channel
ml
Oropc*er
100m(m)
Suggested Spacing d Orops(m>
Drop
height
(m)
Depth d
(m) trial
Bed
wldh,8
(m)
wi tm)
Free
board
tm)
Bc(m) X(m)
Drop Dimensions
11 (ml Ufm) 13 (m)
14 (m)
L5(m)
Wai    Height (m)
u/s Drop 8 D/S
SB
(evg)
Concrete
Wai
thickness
Concrete
Floor
thickness
Lengft of
concrete
structure
(m)
(m)
200
150
7.90
20 00
1 58
1 65
320
6 15
0.80
320
0 47
300
1.00
8 07
16 30
6 00
2.45
348
2 45
0 45
055
25 37
100
150
788
20 00
1 58
1 23
2 40
6.09
0 75
240
0 39
2.00
i 00
6 96
12 18
6 00
1 98
296
1 98
0 40
050
2014
60
150
7.87
20 00
1 57
1 01
1 90
4 93
0 75
1.90
0 34
2 00
100
6 30
986
6 00
1 76
272
1 76
0 40
0.50
17.16
40
150
756
20 00
1.57
0 89
1.40
4 07
0.60
1.40
0 31
200
1 00
591
814
6 00
1 49
243
1.49
0 35
045
15 05
20
1 50
7 64
20 00
1 57
0 71
1.00
4 00
1 21
213
121
0.30
0.40
1234
10
1 00
7.81
20 00
1 56
060
090
0 64
4 00
1.10
2 00
1 10
030
0 40
952
0.5
1.00
7.79
20 00
1 56
046
046
303
1 84
1.36
0.50
0 50
0 40
090
064
0 46
0.27
0 24
0 20
100
1.00
1 CO
1.00
00
5 28
4 84
4 23
606
368
2 78
1 00
086
1.74
0 86
025
035
7 99
Notes
1. Refer (o STD61 Vertical Or op Structures
2 Refer to STD/27 Store Protection lo Structures
13 4
Wen lengths (m)
Stone protection
Concrete
(ETBAtO)
Rates
Seel
(ETBAg)
Cosl(ETB)
Pitching
(ETEMn3)
Concrete
Pitchmg
|
Total   mdudfog 30%farEWs
& Contingency
11232
202 171
<7.20
362 204
27,030
Ti is
120 961
~2i6~oiJ
16,124
93 407
~jfl7 003|
<2 4 70
62 373
112.4271 
66 4 *°f
ano
"P'lM
•?<
4 937J&34^*r
ANNEXDP: COST OF PIPELINE CONVEYANCE (1:100 ground «tope)
Rpeffnei srith drop* for ilopfrig growrd
Colebrook - Whfe* formula
Head Lota
■ (gji X f X Q*2 X L X 1QOOt
(QH0>*5
0=
Pipe Demeter (mmf
L-
Plpeine Laoglh (m)
fe
es
Roughneaa Coefficient (mm)
Flew Rate (ft)
Ground average dope:                       O.OlOQO                  100
k(mm|:              0 029
DesTfn
Discharge ' Qi (mJ/*)
Ma alum
urn
velocity
<"V*>
R equlred
Pipe Area
(ml)
Href
Pipe*
Required
Pipe
diameter
(mm)
Adopted Pipe
Diameter (mm)
Oeflgr Plpeilopc (% ia|
Dedgn PI pillow
Velocity (m/*)
Uto»
heed aver
100 m [m]
Remark*
20
3S
2»6
2
1.907
2.000
0-251
195
325
0 75
10
3.3
2 ee
1
1.907
2.000
0 251
390
3-25
.
0.75
6
3.5
1,71
1
2,477
1.500
0.397
252
340
06a
4
3.5
1.14
1
1.206
1.2 00
0.SS7
180
1.54
0 44
Pressure i educing values may be
In>med In pipe ine to throttle lbw
2
35
0S7
1
451
900
0 622
161
344
O Ml
1
1.S
0.29
1
«ai
700
0-590
169
2.62
0 41
OS
1.5
0.14
1
426
500
0 MQ
119
2S6
6.1b
it moca slope we* available then imaiiar pl pe could be c hosen
Note*
GRP pipe dlamrten avaHebh from 300 to 2.000 mm
Pipe d*f i«n uvlng dnlqn iprwacHMvt [Raisa?) *Mh Coletaroo*-White formula Ta We: Summary              iRdkatfva Co*t {U53/rn larifth) of Hpa tonveTirxe l X alnpa
5/N
Dili barge, Q
[m3/*)
Pipa Parametral
cost (usS/m)
Did. d
lenffl)
tength |m)
Qty
pipe (USO/ml
ritllngi (10H)
Trenching
Subtotal
ImUlbllon c«U
(5M
Total
tUSD/rni
Remark
1
20
2 000
1
2
2,369
239
119
2.744
137
2,135
This  1*  For  2  pipes  turning  parallel/ m leo.
2
10
,
1000
1
1
1.195
119
60
1.374
63
1.443
J
6
1.500
1
1
713
M3
71
51
44
36
429
677
41
34
■70
711
Super lit recommanded compacted gmnurcif material lor brddmg and
backfill
4
5
6
7
4
2
1
05
1.200 wo 700 500
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
364
235
167
37
23
17
27
22
15
432
280
194
21
14
10
451
294
201
Ub H S*0) b IW> I>vek«pmcnr (I)
8EtbifxM Nik In^fa  „J Dnn^p p^
a
^NNEX DIO: COST OF PIPELINE CONVEYANCE (1:25 ground
9  ope)
)
Hp^HIno with drops for sloping ground Colebrook - White formula
Head Loss
D-
L•
k>
Q-
t525_iL.fx Q*2 X L x 1000)
to/iors
Pipe Diameter (mm)
Pipeline Length (m) Roughness Coefficient (mm)
Flow Rate <!/»>
Ground average slope: 0.04000 25
k (mm|:                        0.029
Design
Discharge
QI (m3/j)
Maxiumum velocity
(m/s)
Pipe Area
(m2)
Nr of
Pipes
Required Pipe
diameter
(mm)
Adopted
Pipe
Diameter
(mm)
Design Pipeslope (%;
1»)
Design
Pipeflow
Velocity
(m/s)
Excess head over 100 m (m)
Remarks
20
35
2 86
2
1.907
2.000
0.251
398
3.25
3 75
10
3.5
2 86
1
1.907
2.000
□.251
398
3.25
3.75
6
3.5
1.71
1
1.477
1.500
C.3?7
252
3.40
360
4
3.5
L14
1
1.206
1.2 a?
------------7 J
IK
3.54
3 44
2
3.5
0.57
1
853
9tf)
*... • tf
.161
3.14
3 38
Pressure    reducing    values    may    be    inserted    tn    pipe    line    to throttle flow
1
3.5
0.29
1
603
GOO
79
3.54
2.74
0.5
3.5
0.14
1
426
450
1.420
L™
3.16
2.58
Notes
GRP pipe diameters available from 300 to 2.000 mm
Pipe design using design spreadsheet (Ratsey) with Colebrook-White formula/ffW*** Mt« P^r
!■ .
ANNEXE
COST BENEFIT ANALYSIS TABLES FOR CANAL LINING
■*Li IT—,.
t
17-Mav-l 1Veierul
RtpMr ofEfht^i. Mtmstn of Water c>
/IzArqfiw* N/if IrvTjahox and Druf^^e ProfitTjffi-
&***?**'      *f Vaffr **"
El: COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR CONCRETE LINING CIS ON SOILS ^*25M/D SEEPAGE
VlJlMfof«‘<*«vedUSS/tr,J:
Loan from
asemmt nr, l« C/B
C9nil
0051J 025 1(F.
1
M*»» Gxicreic Lining, C-L5
Daiffn bfc (yrm)
Cost of Lining (USS/m );
l/asrs wilh Lining (m/d):
^‘iter lived by lining (m/d):
wirer laved each year (m/yr):
Value of water saved (LISS per tn* of lining):
2ft
346
0.104
0.146
53
Yew
Coal
Toe Benefit
Nef Benefit
USj/m’
MRp
MRp.
1
14.6
0.000
-14.6
2
06
2.840
23
5
0.6
2-840
23
4
0.6
2.840
23
5
0.6
2.840
23
1RR (%)
1432%
NPV Con
18
NPV Benefit
22
6
06
2.840
23
7
0.6
2.840
23
8
0.6
2.840
23
9
0.6
2840
23
10
06
3840
23
11
0.6
2.840
23
____ 12
0.6
2 840
23
_ __ 13
06
2.840
23
_
0.6
2.840
23
15
0.6
2.840
23
_ 16
_____ 0.6
2.840
23
_      17
0.6
2.840
13
L H __ 1?~
___ 0.6
2.B40
23
06
2.840
23
06
2.840
23
’----—
-------- ----------------
17           11p„ltnl
Rrfobii. oj Ethiopia Mm.rtn of Wattr c'- &Hfg>
fc/fapia* Ntit Inifamft and DnrtHt*< Profit
ANNEX  E2:  COST-BENEFIT  ANALYSIS  FOR  CONCRETE  UNING  C-15  ON  Son WITH 0.18 M/D SEEPAGE
Value of water saved VSS/m’:
Seepage Losses from unlined canal (m/d):
Discount rate for C/B analysis (%)■
Mass Concrete Lining, C-15
Design life (years)
0 0535
0.18
10%
20
Cost of lining (US$/m’): 14.6
I josses with lining (m/d): 0.104
Water saved by lining (m/d): 0.076
Water saved each year (m/yr):                                                                                                                                            28
Value of water saved (US> per m* of lining): 1.48
Year
Cost
Inc Benefit
Net Benefit
IRR (%)
US$/ma
MRp.
MRp.
1.57%
1
14.6
0.000
14.6
NPV Cost
2
0.6
1.479
0.9
18
3
0.6
1.479
0.9
4
0.6
1.479
0.9
t
NPV Benefit
5
0.6
1.479
0.9
11
6
0.6
1.479
0.9
7
0.6
1.479
0.9
B/C ratio:
8
0.6
1.479
0.9
0.63
9
0.6
1.479
0.9
10
0.6
1.479
0.9
11
0.6
1.479
09
12
0.6
1.479
0.9
13
0.6
1.479
0.9
14
0.6
1.479
0.9
15
0.6
1479
0.9
16
0.6
1.479
0.9
17
0.6
1.479
0.9
18
0.6
1.479
0.9
19
0.6
1.479
0.9
20
0.6
1.479
0.9ftdrr* 
Ahiujty 0J
IPaftr & [iittrg
Irnrrtw <i*{J)^
ANNEX E3: COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR CONCRFTr
ON SOILS WITH 0.25 M/D SEEPAGE
Value of water saved USJ/m1:
Seepage Losses from unlincd canal (m/d): Discount rate for C/R anamrs (%);
Mjss Cooc«' > GeotcwtUe & GcouicmbriDc
^*£TE 4 GEO-TEXTlLE LINING
0.0533
0.25
10"-
e
Design life (years;
Cost of lining 
?I .
J
Loswts with Lining (m/d):                                                                                                                   0 (Jl ;
Water saved by lining (m/d):                                                                                                              Q
Wuer saved each year fm /yr): Q *
Value of water saved (US$ per m  of lining,':
J
4
Year
Coat
Inc Bcnefii
Nel Benefit
1RR (%}
R*/mT
MRp.
MRp.
13.65%
1
30 1
0.0
-30.1
NPVCoat
2
(1.3
4.6
43
30
3
03
4.6
43
4
03
4.6
43
NFV Benefit
5
03
4.6
43
38
6
0.3
4.6
43
03
4.6
43
B/C ratio:
8
03
4.6
43
1.26
I9
03
46
43
10
03
4.6
4.3
11
03
4.6
43
12
03
4.6
43
13
03
4.6
43
14
03
4.6
IS
43
03
4G
43
.16
03
46
43
17
03
4.6
IB
43
03
12_
4,6
43
03
4.6
43
_ ™
ju’“
■vt
03
4.6
43
03
4.6
43
03
4.6
43
__ w
4.6
43
Tt
03
4.6
4.3
r?03
4.6
43
l4dj LlrveUjuniwjf m
3
17-Miy IIDrtrocrun. ^u. of Hlbof^. \ t^tr> of Wuttr c- £ w/p
Elfoofvoo Niir Imgitro* a»d Dnoo^f Pnynt
ANNEX E4: COST-BENEFIT ANALYSIS FOR CONCRETE & GEO-TEXTILE LI ON SOILS WITH 0.18 M/D SEEPAGE
,Ng
Value of water saved US|/m :
a
Seepage Losses from unbned canal (m/d):
Discount rate for C/B analysis (%):
Maia Concrete, Geotextile & Geomembrane
Design life (years)
0.0533
0.18 10*.
25
Cost of lining (US$/m*):                                                                                                                                         30.1
Losses with lining (m/d):                                                                                                                                        0013
Water saved by lining (m/d):                                                                                                                                 0.167
Water saved each year (m/yr);
Value of water saved (US$ per m  of lining):
J
61
3.25
Year
Cost
Inc Benefit
Net Benefit
1RR (%)
Rs/m’
MRp.
MRp.
8.37%
1
30.1
0.0
-30.1
NPV Coat
2
0.3
3.2
39
30
3
0.3
3.2
2.9
4
0.3
3.2
2.9
NPV Benefit
5
0.3
3-2
39
27
6
0.3
3.2
39
7
0.3
3.2
39
B/C ratio:
8
0.3
3.2
39
0.89
9
03
33
39
10
03
33
39
11
03
3.2
2.9
12
03
33
39
13
0.3
3.2
2.9
14
03
3.2
2.9
15
03
3.2
2.9
16
03
3.2
2.9
17
03
3.2
39
18
03
3.2
39
19
03
3.2
39
20
03
3.2
39
21
03
3.2
39
22
03
3.2
39
23
03
3.2
39
24
03
3.2
39
25
0.3
3.2
2.9
Ub F4 SrOlb I&D Development (11rJf , PjftUit jWtfn. Mimtry tf Witrf & Enrrp
ANNEX F
SUSTAINABLE O&M AND COST RECOVERY SUBPROJECT PROFILESVrtkral Dtn-autK
Ethiopian Niie Irrifanon and Dn^/ff Pruftil
•f^•*"
Ub F4 SrOtb I&.1) Development (1)Tide
Sub-W*
g^kground
O&M-l: Water U»et Awocution Capacity R..iw»g
Ensting fuming in the prefect im compnso rrmilholder rnamged wfed igncultur^d
livestock grazing. There are small areas of impoon managed bv mdwduah or small groups of farmers pumping water from streams / m en thai flow through the project area Existing community based organisations include; (i) land adrmnistnnon commmees to adrmnuter, register and certify land use nghts in 17 of the 37 Kebeles fully / partially in the project area; (u) waler management committees (WMCs) formed to manige potiWe wita supply schemes / facilities in 24 of the 37 Kebeles; (m) savings and credit aisooaoons in 8 of ’he 37 Kebeles; and (iv) cooperative societies which engage m provision of ignculturaJ inputs and equipment, marketing of produce and micro-credit in 16 of the 37 Kebeles. Cooperatives are profit orientated enterprises with any profit distributed among its shareholders according to the number of shares held Membership is voluntary
The village based cooperatives are suitable institutions to implement mam of the agricultural, livestock, land and watershed management and forestry; community development ind environmental subprojects (interventions). However as cooperaavrs are usually village-based, with voluntary membership, and profit oriented, thev are not suitable insumuorts for (i) construction of reman system / on farm infrastructure, or fd) for management, operation and maintenance of completed irrigation and drainage infrastructure widen smallholder farm secondary irrigation units
The proposed imgauon development is for a large commercial sugar estate of about 36225 ha. smallholder farms over about 22,872 ha and an expansion area other for small/ medium commercial farms or for the sugar estate over about 4,773 ha. The appraxunate number of secondary ind ternary irrigation command units are as follows:
•       Right Bank Secondary units: (i) 73 tn commercial sugar estate; fd) 32 m smallholder farm areas; and flii) 14 in the potential expansion area.
•       Right Bank Ternary units: about 531 tertian’ units in tool with an average net irrigation area of 59 ha About 142 ternary units in the smallholder farm area.
•       Left Bank Secondary units: (i) 72 m commcraiJ sugar estate, (li) 62 in smallholder farm areas; and (in) 4 tn the potential cxpansx n area.
•       Left Bank Ternary units: about 691 ternary units in total with an average net irrigation area of 47 ha. About 309 tertian' units are m the smallholder farm areas.
In tutal there are 257 secondary and 1,777 tertiary units in the 63.071 net irrigable area, with average secondary and ternary unit net irrigation areas of 249 ha and 52 ha respective?* In ths smallholder larm areas there are about 94 secondary and 451 ternary unris-
Two cropping sceninos are envisaged for smallholders: (i) cropping of a vancty of tummercral *nd food (grain) crops, and (u) atensnr cropping of sugarcane under out grower agreements with the sugarcane In both cases the smallholders are expected to manage scheme CWnM within their larm imgauon secondary units. However under out grower agreements considerable support would very likely be extended by the commercial sugar estate.
If W—. 1 IEedtnol DtfHwntrit Rfpebbt ej'Ethtopui.  Mtwfr) of W’atrr cS* Eunp-
E thief*!* Nth Irrt^aho* a*d Dna*^ Prytrf
Title
O&M-L- Water Uaer Association Capacity Building
'      ------
Sub Project
Rationale
To      manage      (i)      construction      of      tertiary      system      infrastructure      dunng      ihcTnpfc^^ and fii) for management, operation and maintenance of the completed irrigation mJ 
*’
infrastructure unlhin the smallholder farmer areas, suitable non profit firm*
r                   1ACTncr UHtituboTO Ue
required    with    compulsory    farmer    membership    based    on    hydraulic    (not    village,    boun farmers with a land holding in the command area would he members. The pmpo |
institutions will comprise: (i) informal Water User Groups (WUGs) formed al teruarv^ level; (ii) formal fie with legal status) Water user Associations (WUAs) at Secondary levd
(in) a Scheme Board at main system level representing all WUAs and able to banc with the System Operator and. as required, with the Commercial Sugar Estate. At the end of the S Phase of the project the Scheme Board will take over some of rhe O&M dunes and responsibihnes of the MSO, but not those pertaining to the nght bank diversion utu the dam and storage reservoir commanding the left main canal, and the two Main canils. The new institutions will lack the knowledge and skills to carry out iheir O&M responsibilities 10 thn capacity will have to be developed. .Also guidelines and the legal framework for WUAi (and the Scheme Board) currently do noi exist and need to be formulated.
’
Sub-Project
Objective (s)
Sub-project objectives arc:
•        Formation of about: (1) 451 WUGs for each tertiary urut within the smallholder farm area; (ii) 94 WUAs (32 on thr Right Bank and 62 on the Left Bank); and (in) ibe Scheme Board able to take a proactive role in scheme development, and by the end of the support phase of the project to take responsibility for scheme operation and maintenance within the smallholder farm areas.
•        Support development of guidelines and legal framework including rules and regulation! for the new farmer institutions.
Sub Project
Activities
Sub project activities include;
•           Formation    of    WUGs.    WUAs    and    Scheme    Board    including    (i)    awareness    genentinn through   an   TEC   campaign   &   meetings;   (ii)   preparation   and   use   of   mass   media,   and holding of elections for the WUA committees and the Scheme Board.
•          Training   and   capacity   building   for   the   General   Body   (ie   farmer   members,   in.1 example,   (i)   formation   and   structure   of   the   new   institutions;   (ii)   their   purpose function;    (iii)    roles    and    responsibibties    the    institutions    and    their    committees.    (
holding elections; etc.
•        Specific training and capacity building for (elected) members of: ffi Management Committee; (ii) the WUA Audit Committee; fiii) WLA $t committees concerned with Odc.M; and (iv) Scheme Board This cou example, book and record keeping and setting up and management Note: specific O&M training, including construction of tertian level infrastructure (but not land terracing / levelling / smoothing).*  P
O&M subprojects.
•        Building awareness among the WUG & WUA members of other subproject interventions that are planned and implemented throug centred institutions including the kebele council and cooperate
s     r0raftf
sub-Pf^c1
Ljnp!«2£2!*5-— Main Benefits
Beneficial
Sub-Project
Costs
6fEfhiof>t4. Minutn ttfiTater <*- Ertrp
Q&M-l: Water User Association Capacity Building
Implementation   would   start   from   year   4   or   earlier   ^implementation   phase)   and   continue   through to the end of the support phase (year 13).
The outcome of the subproject is expected to Ik functional WUGs. WUAs and Scheme Board able to: (i) construct minor I&D infrastructure at tertiary s vs tern level; and (ii) manage, operate and maintain secondary and tertian system infrastructure, including terraces, drains and SWC works, leading to increased agricultural crop production. Farmers would he the beneficiaries
The estimated sub project cost is ETB 13 8 million (US| 0 83 miUioo) as tabulated below.
1
Nr
Cort(m)
Owl USS
NrOfWUAS
93
rsaro
U9M7
Hr of WUGt
44)
it 000
7 979.98$
477* *43
Saxb (IEC                      etc)
1,500 ODD
2O9.MI
U&kXSO
C7-»l
Implementing
Agencies
Sub Project Performance Monitoring
'Fhc subproject would be implemented by the Project Implement anon Office (PIO) working with the wcreda and kcbcle staff, pamculady the DAs. Close coordination would be maintained with rnc Main System Operator.
Ilie performance of the sub-protect will be monitored in accordance with the following
indicators:
&
Formation ofWUGa, WUAs and the Scheme Board
Ability   of   farmers   (WUGs   and   WUAi)   to   construct   minor   system   infrastructure   at   tertiary system level
Ability of WUGs, WUAs and Scheme Board to management O&M.
Risks and
L’ncenaintics
♦ I-ack of legislation for formation of WUAs with a legal standing
•      Parmer disputes
!&.[_) DcvelonmiMf Hl
3
l7Af«r.1 11f^DnunaffP^
HJkM-2: Improved Sy « rem Operation by Firmer ImrinmcxM
1
T line with government policy tinner beneficuna through tharOAc.X) mjmution*. rhe UUG»
ar ternary Jo’el. VCTJA* it secondary level, and Scheme Board at main system, -vul become
responsible for sysrern operation after completion of the scheme, except for the dam and
jtoragc reservoir, left tonic divenion weir and two Main canals The project n2 therefore form the requisite farmer OScM institutions stirring by year 4 nr earber of the project (tinplemenunon
phase) and gradually strengthen them to lake full rcsponuhlitv for t MA! br the end of rear 13
(suppart phusc).
Tbc approximate number r»f secondary and tertiary irrigation command unitaare ai follcrnn.
» Right Bank Secondary units, (i) 73 in commercial sugar estate; (u) 32 in smallholder
farm areai; and (ixi) 14 in the potentul expansion ires,
•        Rjgh: Bank Tertiary units: about 531 tertun- units in total with in average net irrigation
area of 59 ha About 142 reman- units in the smallholder farm area.
•        J-eft Bank Secondin' Limn: (t) 72 in commercial sugar estate; (ii) 62 in smallholder
farm areas; and (lii) 4 in the potential expansion area;
•        Left Bank Ternary units: about 691 ternary units in total with in avenge net irrigation
area of 47 ha. About 300 tertian units are in the smallholder farm irrxi
In total there are 257 secondary and 1,222 tertun* units in the 63,871 net lmgiblc am, with
average secondary and tertiary unit net irrigation areas of 249 Ju and 52 ha respectively. In ths
imaJJhulder farm areas there are about 94 secondary and 451 tertian  units. For each secoodarv
unit in the smallholder farm am a 3X1? A will he sirengfhed to take over O&M, and itrnihr for
each tertian' unit a WUG will be strengthened to take over O&M.
A 5  the I Ip per BcIcj Irrigation project is a  nrur irrigation development tanners de n<x  mrrefitlv have any  experience in operating  an imgarxm scheme to  achieve full crop production potenrtal-
I’hc farmer institutions and capacity th ere fore has to be devdoped-
Sub project objectives are to build up farmer (WUG, WUA and Scheme Board} capacity within
alxMit fen rears to undertake iragarion management and operation achieving (i) reliable,
transparent and equitable water ths tnbtition (particularly downstream of the Alain onaJs in the
scuallholdcE farm areas}; (it) operation and water application that meets crop water requirements
vnth mirurnaJ water losses; (ui) minimal damage to canal prisms and other in frastructurc
including farm terraces; and fiv) financial relf sufficiency by raising fundi to meel full operation
costs.
fhe sub project will assist in the development of the operating strategy / procedures /guiddinei
far the project (to be drafted by  the project coniuftanti / PMO office staff) covering (!) dam
»nd storage reservoir and left bank diversion weir; (it) Main canals; (iiij secondin' und flight
storage reservoir operation; (iv) tertiary irsiem operation and flow rota non including efficient
water application by furrows and / tusins. (y) crop water requirements, crop yield and irrigation HibcduLng (vi) seasonal crop planning including crop types, water application method (furrow /
basin) and phnung dates enabling preparation of diatnhuuon schedules, (vu) role and dunes of
AVUA Water Masters to oversee flow rotations andjuraicr distribution; |xtijj management-
1Ptdtni Dutrnnc
j'TMpia. Minty of Watrr &
Ethiopian Nik Irrigation and Dntmagt Pn^l
Q&M-2: Improved System Operation by Farmcr Insrimti on i
of     system     infrastructure     particularly     regulators     and     Bow     measurement     structures* practical ways to assess soil moisture and need for irrigation.
Sub-projcct activities include capacity building and training to achieve
Clarity and consensus to the operating procedures / guidelines prepared for rU. among WUA members
Agreement of water charges for irrigation water to be levied on VCT* Am
as how funds should lx- collected and action to be taken against defaulters Appointment of competent water masters able and willing to cany out their duties at ternary (4-43 units) and secondary* (93 units) level.
The sub-project will also support comprehensive training / capacity building in openung procedures / guidelines for (i) (he Water Masters appointed at ternary and secondary unit level, and (ii) members of WUA standing committees for system < )&M as well as the System Board
-* members jj
Sub-Project
Implementation
Main Benefits
and Bcneficianrs
Suh-Project
Costs
Implementation   would   start   from   year   4   or   earlier   (implementation   phase)   and   continue   through   ") to    year    13    (le    four    years    after    completion    of    infrastructure    construction)
'Ihc outcome of the subproject is expected t<> be functional farmer institutions (WUG.WUAi
and Scheme Board) able io take delivery- of bulk water supplies at the head of secondary and
manage its effective distribution to farmer fields (including supply of required volumes to the
Waina sugar estate) leading to agricultural crop benefits and enhanced livelihoods. Farmers
would be the beneficiaries. 
The   estimated   sub-project   cost   is   ETB   11.1   million   (L'S$   0.67   million)   particularly   for   tmrung
activities, demonstrations, materials and equipment.
OlMl Improved Syrtr m OprrWon by Farmer Insmitlora
Nr of WUAs [training of rtanding committees. etc) • Nr of WVGi [training of water masters, etc)
Sum (demonstrations for improved operations etc)
Nr
93
443
- ---------------------- *
XaeeftTW WOOD
uocc
------------------- -
CcNMrtBL
SJIJJH
3,000 00C
Ui22.no
Ca**L
Implementing
Agencies
The subproject would be implemented by  the Project Implementation Office |1  K ) with the wereda  and kebelc staff,  particularly  the DA*.  Close coordination would be with the Main System Operator as well as with the large commercial sugar estate-
Sub-Projcct
Performance
Monitoring
The performance of the sub project will be monitored in accordance witn
indicators:
•  Development of operating strategy* / procedures ! guidelines for the *chcm
•  Consensus by VCTJAs and their general bodies to the operating procedures
th the
•           Appointment     of     Water     Masters     at     ternary     and     secondary     level. Committees for O&M.
•       Training and Capacity building carried out.
•      Records of scheme operation including flow records at the djversK*1
_ _ 
to / from each night storage reservoir.■Df***i
A/rw/n- oHTrftr &
fiit             !*&&* '*<* ^'W’wj/ Pnfttr
O&M-2: Improved Sygicni Operation by Fanoef Inarirndona
>Jon-agreement from farmers to operating strategy / pitcedmei /guidelines-
gjjksjrW’
Non-paymcnr reward recognition to executive staff (eg water mwen) for icrvfcrs.
Son-agreement on tea_sonal crop plans, or erap plans with a high diversity of crop types and
planting dates / schedules making it diffrculr to plan alter deliveries
Non-payment    /    collection    of    water   charges,    theft    of   monies   collected,    or   non-transparency nf funds collected and their me.Tilfe_
inc
- JWwW. ofEtbto^ timitrf of V'asrr & Em^
O&M-3: Improved System Maintenance by Fanner Imtinm™. In line with government potty fanner benefits through rhnr O&M mnwnonj> the UCG,
.  termry level, WUAs at secomhry level, and Scheme Board at mam        level vnU
r
tp(tm
Sub
Preece
responsible for system maintenance (along with the eommertul estate) after completion of the
scheme. The project will therefore form the requisite farmer O&M institutions in year 4 or earber of the project (implementation phase) and gradually itrmgthen them ro take full responsibility for O&M by the end of year 13 (support phase}
The approximate number of secondary and ternary imptxxi command units arc is follows
•         Right Rank Secondary units: (i) 73 tn commerced sugar esate; (n) 32 m smallholder farm areas; and (iii) 14 in the potential expansion irea;
•         Right Bank Tertiary units; about 531 tertiary units in total with an average net irrigatKin area of 59 ha. .About 142 tertiary units in the smallholder fann irea
•        Left Bank Secondary units: (i) 72 in ccmmcrdi! sugir estate; ,’ii) 62 m smallholder farm areas; and Cui) 4 in the potential expansion area;
•        Left Bank Ternary units: about 691 tertiary units in total with an average net lmgition area of 47 ha. About 309 tertiary units are in the smallholder farm areas.
In total there are 25  secondary and 1,222 ternary’ units in the 63.871 oct imgabie irea, with average secondary and ternary unit net irrigation areas of 249 ha and 52 ha respectively In thi smallholder farm areas there are about 94 secondary and 451 ternary units For each sevixidarv unit in the smallholder farm area a WUA will be strengthed to take over O&M, and similar for each reruary unit a WUG will be strengthened ro take over OflcM.
As die Upper Belo Lmgaoon project is a new irrigation development farmers do not currently appreciate the maintenance needs, activities and costs to keep the scheme ffi good working order. If maintenance is not earned out, or frequently deferred, the scheme will de? eno rare resulting in its inability to perform as designed and crop k»s This subproject therefore needs tn build awareness of maintenance requirements, support development of 1 maintenance strategy with the broad approval by farmers, and develop the capacity to implement the itratrgy
7
Rationale
Project
Sub-profect objectives are to build up farmer (WUG. WUA and Scheme Board)* * cxpicjty within ten years to undertake system maintenance is a timely and sustainable manner to that the
constructed infrastructure performs as designed for its design life (30-50 years).
Subproject activities include.
•        Support for development of a maintenance strategy / procedures / guidelines for the scheme covering: (i) asset inventory; (ii) maintenance categories, reqwremenre and Cotts (possibly introducing yardsticks for maintenance coat estimation); (iu) maintenance cycle including preparation and implementation of annual miintcnance plans; (iv) maintenance funding; and (v) maintenance mitigation (eg by carrying out maintenance tn nmeh' manner).
•        Building general body awareness of the importance of maintenance and its funding
•____Capacity building of concerned WUA standing committee mem ben and Scheme ______ Board members including dissemination of the maintenance strargg / procedures /
k_.fr HA
9
17-Muf 11Frdrrul T>tmwatu RsfiMr of'Efhtopta. Mim/try ot U'*x/zr HwQp- H/Zrijpwr M> imfiitroft and Drwnatf Pnjfrt
Title
O&M-3: Improved Syatem Maintenance by Farmer Inatituhonn
guidebn cs.
'
—-
Specific and ngorous (raining (formal and on-the job) for those selected tn
and Scheme Board to supervise / implement maintenance including to the
masters concerned with O&M at texuan- (443 units) and secondary (93 u
I
Support to farmers (WUG and WUAs) to implement tertiary system conuructi
works during the implementation phase, including* (i) tertiary canals and d
tertian- system structures including concrete division boxes and drops (note steel shutters to be provided to the WUGl / WUAs).
Mentoring of WUGi / WUAs / Scheme Board as well for the water masters ir earning out maintenance, initially focussing on (labour intensive) routine main cnarxe to bench terraces, canals and drums, and gradually building capacity to enable them □ take over full system maintenance, including repair to secondary system structures me night storage reservoirs, by the end of the support phase (year 13) when the tmir system operator will handing over ( MkM responsibility for the secondary canal syitctm to rhe Scheme Board.
Provision of tools, equipment and materials for maintenance.
Sub-Project
Implementation would start from year 4 or earlier (implementation phase) and continue thrc<jp
Implementation
to year 13 (ie four years after completion of infrastructure construction).
Main Benefits
The outcome of the subproject is expected to tie functional farmer institutions (WUG.WUAi
and Beneficiaries
and Scheme Board) with competent and motivated ()&M executive staff (water matters) able to
maintain fit for-purpose project infrastructure below the Main canals leading to agricultural cn»r
benefits and enhanced livelihoods. Farmers would be the bcncficianes.
Sub-Project
The estimated sub-projcct cost is ETB 13.1 million (USS 0.79 million) as tabulated lielou
Costs
—----------- 1     —J”--                           —
Nr of WUAs (training of standing committees, etc)
N» ot WUGs {training of water masters, etc)
Sum {general body awareness, provision of tools for maintenance. etc)
Mr
93
443
tan (naj _
Ml®?
12.000
----------- ---------
CMtjnL
_ Upy®.
5,000®?.
13,UX>3O
Implementing
Agencies
Sub-Projecr
Performance
Monitoring
The subproject would be implemented by the Project Implementation Office (1 K with the wereda and kebele staff, particularly the DAs. Close coordination woui with the Main System Operator and the large commercial sugar estate.
” '                                     1
The performance of the sub project will be monitored in accordance wi
indicators:
’tk the followin £
i        f 1scheme-
•     Development of maintenance strategy / procedures / guidelines or
•     Consensus by WUAs and their general bodies to the operating procc
•     Appointment of Water Masters and WUA Standing Committees for
•     1 raining and Capacity building earned out.
•     Records of scheme maintenance including* (i) cleaning o( night sto pnsm damage repair, (u) maintenance of terraces on on^
L’b 1*4 SrQlb l&D Dcvtlnnmrrv. r-Jl7/ 8^*^
flJ ^ \-ik W'" D,M* ftW * ‘
1
Tide
jtek*   ^
ar
t1ocer™flt1fS
A °-f V’‘‘rr Kwrp
QflcM.“3: Improved Syaicrci Majateiiafiice by Pamper Imtrituaona
steelwork ind pruing of jptcs; and (iv) rrpurs to toneme / nrasonrr / pbion wruoinn;
etc-
•    Poor coordination between the finnrn (group board) and the Main System Operator / commcfcctl sugar estate
•    Non-agreement from firmer* to operating strategy / procedures / guidelines.
• Non-paymmr / reward / recngnihoTL lo executive staff (eg water masters) for services.
■ Annual maintmaricc plans not prepared or approved, or underfunded.
« Non-payment / collection of water charges, theft of monies collected, or nun transparency of funds collected and their use
^Ihlath
11
17-Nto 11
Dtvelonrriror 1'Federa/
ofEfheopea. Minuny of Water & linerg
Ethiopia* NUt 1 mutton and Drainage Prnttd
Title
O&M-4: Farmer Management Information Syatetn for O&M
Sub Project
Background
In line with government policy farmer beneficiaries through iheir O&M imfirT"        '—"—'---- J at ternary level, WUAs at secondary level, and Scheme Board at main system lev 1 responsible for system maintenance (along with the commercial estate) after cc nU
scheme. The project will therefore form the requisite fanner O&M institutions                    ° * ' tn year 4
carliicr of the project (implementation phase) and gradually strengthen them to take full responsibility for O&M by the end of year 13 (support phase*).
Sub-Project
Rationale
As the Upper Bclcs Irrigation project is a new irngation developmem fanners do7ot"curre  |
nr
appreciate the maintenance needs, activities and costs to keep the scheme in good a-oriong order If maintenance is not earned out. or frequently deferred, the scheme will deteriorate resulting in its inability to perform as designed and crop loss. This subproject therefore supporn effective scheme O&M by supporting adoption of a farmer managed / controlled marugen^nt information system (MIS).
Sub Project
()bjcctive(s)
Sub project objectives are to establish a management information system for farmers to enable 1 them to effectively carry out scheme O&M.
Sub-Project
Activities
Subproject activities include
•      Design of a simple Management Information System to be controlled by fanner WL’Ai
/ Scheme Board comprising the following modules
•      Administrative module concerned with Wl’A and Scheme board
membership and names and contract details for Water Masters ar               1
tertiary and secondary level;
•      Operations module concerned with irrigation flow’s, equity of
distribution, etc.
•      Maintenance module concerned with maintenance activities,1,1
•      Financial module concerned with records of income and
expenditure
•      Training of at least two operators to manage computers and to enter and process data collected and produced by the MIS, providing information to the Scheme Board and WUA members at regular intervals, and als
Main System Operator,
•      Procurement and installation of necessary hardware (computers, printer.
•      Mentoring of MIS system for 10 years (year 4 to year 13)
Sub-Project Implementation
Implementation would start from year 4 (implementation phase) and continu 13 (ie four years after completion of infrastructure construction).
__ _j
-        ——                 ■ — -   -   -            —     ~
1
___ _____
—
Main Benefits and Beneficiaries
The outcome of rhe subproject is expected to be a functional MIS system
/ Scheme Board.
Sub-Project
Costs
The estimated lub-ptoject cost i» ETB 4.8 million (USJ 0 28 million)-
p-M*  '
T
Ub F4 SfOlb l&D Development (1)c^jr A«* /rrn*^* a^Dw^gr Pru.le,r
OjkM-4: Farmer Management lufonmation System for OJtM joiMHimrf MIS hxOBM (o4 teamdartes A tom^ «£*"*)      ’
Mr  of  WV*j  itfllrd-n  of  hrttn  opentfoae  H*  Wb*. S dbr^ifl beard (f*h»T!|^ US ope ratori|
Sum f p wiiifln a* aquiprwrt - gg^puteffi rtcj________
cwtim_
ua
_%
J, All 9
*.ni,
CMIUK I
ILLB^il
[mpteine’ "* #
1     1                    The subproject would be implemented by the Proicc: Implement^ (Hficc (PIO) th>c
I SubiM«l Performance
I Mtmitocing
klik?. irtd Unrenaintws
protec t consultants, working wish the Main System (Jpmtor (MSO).
The performance of the tub project will be monnored in accordance with the tollcnwnn indicators!
•     Development nf 1 computer based MIS to tn toon farmer managed O&M anvtnrt;
•    Appointment and training of (ideally) 12 MlS operaron for each WJA, is wdl as MIS operators ar scheme level;
•» Data input and output of the MIS, and use of the output !o enable irrigation system O&M.
MIS operators leave following Training;
-i Non funding for computer repairs / MIS operator salaries (illow«K«) following comipleticMii of the project;
i* Poor use made of the collected data by fiimcr WUAi / Group Board (and Main System Operator).
!&[> Jj
'^lopnicwl 11
13
D-May-tlFtatrui r>tt^>cn»nc                   Efhnpiu. MittiOry ef 1F*er F.frR Hrfvofxa* NiJt Irri^afNrn evd Druin^r Prtytrf
LTb F4 SrO1b IdcD Dcvdonmmr m&i IrW™        Drm^ Pr^.r
_____ Map Nr
UB/FS/ADM/100/05
CB/KWDM/100/06
MAPS (Al)*
Dociydon
Propped With-project Lind me
I
Pn^xwed
VFithpfojeaCotnmeraaJASnuUboWer
'
Irrigation Development______
I
l^B/FS/ENG/100/01
Infrastructure Layout ]
• Attached to this report at A3 sizeI

Summery

Upper Beles Irrigation Project Summary

Upper Beles Irrigation and Drainage Project Feasibility Study Summary

1. Project Overview

The Upper Beles Irrigation and Drainage Project is a World Bank-financed initiative in Ethiopia aiming to develop about 80,000 hectares of net irrigation area. The project is located about 30 km southwest of Lake Tana, spanning the Amhara and Benishangul-Gumuz regions.

Key Goals:

Promote sustainable smallholder-based irrigated agriculture
Reduce poverty and contribute to rural economic activities
Enhance food security through increased staple crop production
Encourage private sector involvement in large-scale commercial irrigation
Create rural employment opportunities

2. Project Area Characteristics

Physical Characteristics:

Characteristic	Description
Location	Upper catchments of Main Beles and Abat Beles rivers, elevations 1,000-1,350 masl
Total Project Area	138,157 hectares
Main Soil Types	Vertisols (58%), Nitosols/Luvisols (15%), Cambisols (7%), Shallow soils (20%)
Land Use	31% smallholder rainfed farming, 37% grassland, 21% woodland, 5% riverine forest

Stage Development Areas (SDAs):

The project area is divided into five main development stages based on physical and social characteristics:

SDA	Area (ha)	Characteristics
Right Bank (IA, IB, III)	46,063	Includes Derekay plain with extensive vertisols
Left Bank (IVA-V)	92,093	Includes Werk Meda plain and fragmented southern areas

3. Irrigation Development Options

Land Utilization Types (LUTs):

The study considers six land utilization types combining irrigation method and management type:

LUT 1-3: Surface irrigation (smallholders, large enterprises, out-growers)
LUT 4-6: Pressure irrigation (smallholders, large enterprises, out-growers)

Agricultural Development Options:

Option	Description	Net Irrigation Area (ha)
Option 0	No sugar estate	63,871 (52% smallholders, 48% commercial)
Option 2A	Core sugar estate (recommended)	63,871 (57% sugar, 36% smallholders, 7.5% commercial)
Option 4	All sugar estate with pumped left bank	39,175 (100% sugar)
Option 5	All sugar estate	63,871 (100% sugar)

4. Key Technical Aspects

Water Requirements:

Farm Category	Annual Net Irrigation Requirement (mm)	Peak Demand (l/s/ha)
Smallholders (Luvisols)	475	0.56 (Feb)
Commercial (Luvisols)	493	0.58 (Feb)
Commercial (Vertisols)	503	0.53 (Feb)
Sugarcane (Vertisols)	918	0.60 (Apr)

Infrastructure Components:

Storage dam and diversion weir
Main canal system (Right Bank: 31.6 km, Left Bank: to be determined)
Secondary and tertiary distribution systems
Drainage system including flood protection
All-weather roads

5. Implementation Considerations

Resettlement and Land Consolidation:

The project will require resettlement of affected households and land consolidation to:

Address fragmented land holdings
Ensure equitable benefit distribution
Create optimal irrigation layouts
Facilitate mechanization

Legal Framework:

The project operates within Ethiopia's legal framework for:

Water resources management (Proclamation No. 197/2000)
Land expropriation and compensation (Proclamation No. 455/2005)
Rural land administration (Proclamation No. 456/2005)
World Bank safeguard policies (OP/BP 4.12)

Management Structure:

Main system operator for dam and primary canals
Water User Associations (WUAs) for secondary and tertiary systems
Cooperatives for agricultural support services

6. Key Challenges and Recommendations

Challenges:

Coordination between federal and regional governments
Resolution of existing land lease agreements
Resettlement and compensation processes
Farmer capacity building for irrigation management
Sustainable operation and maintenance

Recommendations:

Adopt Option 2A (core sugar estate with smallholder areas)
Implement comprehensive land consolidation program
Establish strong farmer institutions (WUAs, cooperatives)
Develop professional main system operation capacity
Implement phased development starting with Right Bank areas